January 24, 2014
Dear Critical Thinkers,
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the online Teaching Critical Thinking course!
This week, January 24– 29, is designated as Week One. This is the time to introduce yourself, start getting acquainted with each other, and familiarize yourself with the blog. There are a few assignments this week designed to ease you into the course.
Here are several assignments for the week.
1. Introduce yourself (Assignment 1). If you are not the first person to post, read the other posted messages first. Please welcome course members who have already introduced themselves and return to Discussion Board to read new postings once a day or every other day. We all look forward to hearing from you!
2. Next, click on (Assignment 2: Reading Materials ) and find the article, “A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.” Click on the article title and download it or read it on the web if your connectivity allows enough time to do that. Next, follow the same process to read “What is Thinking?” Go back to Blog and respond(Post a Comment) to “WEEK 1.”
We are thrilled to be working with you. "See you" on Blog!
With warmest regards,
Sunil Shah & Anna Patel
Dear Critical Thinkers,
It gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the online Teaching Critical Thinking course!
This week, January 24– 29, is designated as Week One. This is the time to introduce yourself, start getting acquainted with each other, and familiarize yourself with the blog. There are a few assignments this week designed to ease you into the course.
Here are several assignments for the week.
1. Introduce yourself (Assignment 1). If you are not the first person to post, read the other posted messages first. Please welcome course members who have already introduced themselves and return to Discussion Board to read new postings once a day or every other day. We all look forward to hearing from you!
2. Next, click on (Assignment 2: Reading Materials ) and find the article, “A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.” Click on the article title and download it or read it on the web if your connectivity allows enough time to do that. Next, follow the same process to read “What is Thinking?” Go back to Blog and respond(Post a Comment) to “WEEK 1.”
We are thrilled to be working with you. "See you" on Blog!
With warmest regards,
Sunil Shah & Anna Patel
116 comments:
Dear All!
As one of the instructors of this course , I take this opportunity to start with my brief introduction. I am from Gujarat, the western most state of India known for its vibrant festivals like Navaratri (the longest nine nights dance event – traditionally known as ‘Garba’) and of course as the motherland of our father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi. I live in Vallabh Vidyanagar, a town specially developed for education in all disciplines.
For my academics, I have been working with the post graduate students of ELT for last eight years at H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research which is one of the regional institutes of English teaching, training & research. I have also been involved in teacher training programmes at various levels and made few contributions in textbook design at different levels for the State government.
Sunil Shah
Good Morning all and one present here,
First of all i would like to welcome you in Critical thinking for language studies,
This is Nikhil Parmar. I belong to Dakor is a city and a Nagarpalika in Kheda district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is prominent for its grand temple of Shree Ranchhodraiji. I have completed my whole Education from Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Yet I am student of H.M.Patel Institute of Englis Training & Research which H. M. Patel Institute of English Training and Research, Vallabh Vidyanaga, Gujarat, India offers B.Ed. (English), M.A. (ELT), M.A. (English), M. Phil.(ELT). And i like very much of this Institute that online teaching.
HELLO SIR & FRIENDS have a great day, I am PRAKASH PATEL coming from MAHISAGAR. My district is known for KADANA DAM on MAHISAGAR RIVER. I am engaged as a student with H M PATEL INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH RESEARCH TRAINNING, V.V NAGAR, ANAND.I am doing my M.A at this institute. I am interested in playing cricket, kabaddi and kho-kho. I am going forward for working with sir on CRITICAL THINKING FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES. I think critical thinking is something about applying, analyzing, evaluating, synthesizing etc. Academic area in which I want to work is Research Article.
The other definitions of critical thinking are
• “The skill and propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism”. (McPeck, 1981)
• "Disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence".
Hello Sunil Sir…
I am Himadri Raval. I am from Himatnagar,the hub of Sabarkantha district. I have done my UG from North Gujarat University. Currently, I am doing my PG at H.M.Patel Institute of English Training and Research. My co-curricular interests are surfing various websites, listening music , singing songs. My academic interests are both language and literature. I expect the paper Critical Thinking for Language Studies to enable me think over any language issue critically.
Dear Sir and friends,
As a participant of this on line course, I am happy to introduce myself that ,I Atul Ninama live in Nava Bhavanath surrounded by the Arravallies mauntain ranges near the Lord Krishna's famous ancient temple stated at Shamalaji ,Gujarat (India).I am a student of MA(ELT) sem-4,in the HMPIETR,V.V.Nagar.
The academic interest of mine is in Research Area. As far as the co curricular activities are concern Iike to participate in sports &games as well as to present research papers simultaneously.
Hello sir...
And
Hello Friends...
Good Morning to all
And
Welcome to all and enjoy in new online classroom teaching and learning.
I am Ankit Patel, from Modasa (Arvalli). I am studying in M.A (ELT) sem-4 at H.M.P.I.E.T.R. My hobby is reading, writing of poetry, an articles and research papers, acting, and playing cricket.
I expect from this course that it encourages me in learning a language. But indirectly, I can say that the course is important for me and it will helpful for me in learning a language in better way and will empower me how to use language in critical situation and any field.
Hello sunil sir and all my dear friends..
Firstly i would like to online working in classroom the paper of Critical Thinking for Language Studies.
I am krupa soni. I come from virpur. I had been completed my graduation in Arts and commerce college in Gujarat university and now I study in H.M.Patel Institute of Research and Training. I like to reading, surfing site,cooking. My activities are listening music, movies and entertainment shows, no ending my interest. I love my motherland most. By the end of this year I shall have been learning English and lots off work based on online.
Hello Sunil Sir & Friends,
I am Nisha Chavda I from Anand. I am studying M A (ELT). Anand is best famous for Amul Dairy. In our city near one of the best university like S.P.University. S.P.Universty is one of the best University for the education. I also studying H.M.Patel.This institute is very famous for the English research training .I am happy for the studying in this institute. This institute given me so many opportunity for the different education way. Like online education, different English literature, and also some material for English language teaching .
Hello Sunil sir and my friends,
I am Pragna Jani. I am from Porbandar. Porbandar is famous of birthplace of over Father of Nation Mahatma Gandhi. First cricket ground creates by Dulip Singh ji in Porbandar. And I completed my Graduation Gurukul Mahila College. My Interests are creative new things in useless things and painting I am studying in an MA (ELT) in H.M.Patel Institute of English Training Research, at Vallabh Vidyanagar. I happy with ELT (English Language Teaching).
Hello Sunil sir, Anna mem and Friends,
I am Hiral Mehta. I am from Bharuch. Bharuch is well known for Golden Bridge and Narmda River. My interest in reading novels, listening songs,watching movies and travelling. I completed my BA from Nalini Arts College. Recently I am doing MA.ELT at H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research,Vallabh Vidhyanagar. My academic interest is in language.
Hello my all friends,,
It will be a great pleasure to work on critical thinking for language studies for my perspective. I am Denish Patel from the town of salty nuts i.e BHARUCH. The city is also known for Sardar Bridge and Kabirvad at which Saint Kabir passed his life. He has just planted one banyan stick there. Now you can see there are many banyan trees . I am working as a post graduate student at H M PATEL INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH RESEARCH AND TRAINNING, VV NAGAR, ANAND. I am interested in playing cricket, valley-ball. I think it must be an interesting course to make aware about the critical thoughts about information to make conclusion. In my opinion critical thinking means…….
• It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences.
Hello Sunil sir and friends,
I am Sneha Jani. I am from Porbandar. My city is well known as the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhiji and the beautiful chowpati. My personal interest is in field of art. Music, nature photography, creativity, travelling these all are the sphere of my personal likes. I am doing MA(ELT) at H M Patel Institute of English, Vallabh Vidyanagar. The city is well known as a hub of education. The course which we have is very well designed, in academic area I like research work. It provide enough mental exercise and satisfaction to give our own idea for the solution of problems.
Hello sir,
And
Hello friends,
I would like to introduce myself, I am Bhumika Patel , from Virpur (Gujarat). My hobby is painting and reading story books. I am a student of MA (ELT). I want to become a good lecturer. I would like to online activity and I am going to learn the course named, “critical thinking and language study” which is very important for English learner. I expect from this course that it aware me about how to use English language in any situation. This course is an important for anybody to understand English language in order to convey ideas.
Hello sir and Friends,
I would like to welcome you in Critical Thinking for Language studies.
I am Trupti Patel. I am from Buhari, Gujarat. Now I am studying in H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research for M.A (ELT) Course. I am interested in Music, cooking, painting and Dancing. From this M.A(ELT) Course, I am learning many things related with online teaching.
Hello everyone!!
I am Anna Patel and I will be joining Dr. Sunil Shah in helping you in this journey towards critical thinking. Hope all of you are geared up for the ride !!
My Introduction – I was born and brought up in Ahmedabad. I did my post-graduation from GU and MPhil from HMPIETR, SPU. I love eating and hope all of you will tip me about any new interesting food joint around.. ..
ps. you must have noticed 'sacha' on my display name and 'patel' in my introduction. Dont worry..I am the same person... :)
Respected Sunil sir and my dear friends,
I am Dirgha Vasavada from Rajkot. Rajkot is very famous for the sweet like ‘panda’. My hobbies are classical dance and also read some general books like novel, story book etc. I am persuading from Vallalbh Vidyanagar in 4th semester of M.A. ELT. The institutes’ name is H.M. Patel Institute of English, Training and Research. The course of duration is two years. This course is specially based on language teaching and also learn that the awareness of new technology.
yes,I agreed with you.research works gave us more information.
Hello sir and friends I am Rajesh I am from Bakrol I have completed my Bachelor of Arts from S.P.Univerity and at present I perusing my master of Arts I belong to nuclear family my Father name of shanabhai My Father is the head of the family .My mother name is puspaben my mother is housewife we are in nine member in my family I have two brother and two sister in law and two nephew and I.My hobby is listing music, reading. I like sonu nigam’s all songs and his stage show’s I don’t like layer people My goal is to become a professor. My philosophy is simple living and high thinking.all about I am simple character.
yes,I agreed with you.Online teaching is very useful to everyone.
Respected sir and all dear friends,
I am RAJANIKANT Patel from Mehsana (N.GUJ.). I really become glad to see that we are joining this online course; it helps to us in becoming E-learner. My interested field is literature and specially poetry. In the sense of academic area, I want to achieve a proficiency in English language used in different field. If we want to increase our level of English language; we are supposed to become familiar with vivid fields. It is so because that each field has its own specific vocabulary, typical manner of using a language, particular terminology, specific lexical items. I would like to share my view that we are still required to have more awareness & efforts for increasing our level of English language; this is what that I expect to have us.
Hello all...
I am Meera Niranjani from Rajkot, Gujarat. I would like to tell you about me. I have done my M.A.(Lit.) and also B.Ed. from Saurashtra University. Now I have joined H.M.Patel Institute to learn about how language should be taught and learnt. I am blessed to be a part of this institute which not only paves the way to be a good English language teacher but it also teaches how to write in an academic context. We have gathered here for the same under the course titled 'Critical Thinking For Language Studies'. Hope we all will learn under great guidance of Sunil sir and Anna mam and also by discussing here.
Hello friends,
Myself PATEL MITESH come from VALSAD which is known for the mangoes and its garden. There you can enjoy water in the nearby sea and beach. I am working as M.A. students in H.M.PATEL INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH RESEARCH AND TRAINING VVNAGAR,ANAND. I am interested in sports. I think I will enjoy the work of given on online of critical thinking for language studies. An academic area in which I interested is research proposal.
Hello Sunil sir, Anna mam and Friends,
I am Megha Tandel. I am from Navsari which is famous for Dandi March where Gadhiji has broken the law of salt. It is also known for Parsi people. I am interested in listening music, travelling. I completed my graduation in Veer Narmad South Gujarat university and now I am the student of M.A. (ELT) in H.M. Patel Institute of English Training & Research. I most like teaching language through online teaching in this institute.
Hello Sunil sir, Anna mam and dear friends my name is Urvashi Patel pursuing M.A(ELT) from H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research. I have completed my graduation and B.Ed at Silvassa from Pune University. I am from Valsad district situated near Maharastra Border and it is famous for Tithal beach, it has become one of the tourist place.
It's my pleasure to share with you’ll my areas of interests in academic field as well as co-curricular activities. Right now I am studding one course called Literature, Language and Mass Media. I find it very interesting because in this we learn how language can be modified and innovative in the field of mass media. Here we can see that how mass media and language are inter connected with each other. Where as in co-curricular activities I like to recite poems, sports and also like to make paintings and collage.
I wish through this on-line teaching-learning process each of us would be benefited. It may be in the form of obtaining the knowledge about critical thinking and will also learn more about on-line programmes.
Dear sir and all fans, first , i would like to join this online pedagogy. It would be interesting and helpful to us. I'm Bhavin N. Parmar, pursuing my M.A. (ELT) course from H.M.P.I.E.T.R. at Vallabh Vidhyanagar. I've completed my graduation from Nalini & Arvind Arts College, V.V. Nagar.
In H.M. Patel Institute, various courses are running like M.A.(ELT), M.A. (Literature), B.ed. (English), M.phil.(ELT).And all the faculty members are very co-operative. I live in Vallabh Vidhyanagar near by M.U. Patel tech. high school. My interest area is surfing, gaming, volleyball,cricket, and travelling.
i hope that through this online pedagogy we all shall be interested and get benefit from it. Through this process we are connected with each other and can do communication.
Respected Sir and Dear Friends,
I am Prakruti. I am from Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat. I have pursued my graduation from Gujarat University. As a part of MA ELT course at H.M.Patel institute, I like online work most. It give chance to face new window for language learning. This online course of "Critical Thinking" seems interesting. This will sure enrich my language.
Hello sir,
Hello Friends,
Good Morning,
My name is Reema Dhimmar. I am coming from Valod, Dist. Tapi. I have been working with the course M.A. ELT Sem 4 in HMPIETR. My hobby is Drawing, Travelling, Walking, etc. ELT course is very helpful in communication skill.Language Teaching at the institute benefits directly from our long established research programme on English Language use and learning. Most of our course materials are designed and developed at the institute in response to the needs of our students. My interest are as in academic field is communication skill.
Hello, Sunil sir and Dear Friends,
My name is Priyanka Gamit. I am from Vyara and earlier Vyara is declare District Tapi. Earlier I am studging in H.M.Patel Institute of English Training and Research and My hobby is Writing Poem, Drawing, Travelling.I would like to share with you about this course it's different from other courses it's a Language based course and also we can learn language easily through the use of technology.
hello sir, and dear friends I am shah Nehali doing M.A.ELT . I am from Bharuch, city in Gujarat known for three main things, golden palace, golden bridge and golden stone and Situated on the bank of river Narmada.
My areas of interest are reading novels, watching TLC..
In Academic field I like to know about communication skills as much as I can. It helps me to put my ideas into a logical sequence, and i can present my idea effectively not only in front of my friends and teachers but also outside the class. And it also helps me to be a good listener.
hope this course will help us to explore our thinking and learning through technology..
Hello Sunil sir, Anna mam and dear friends
My name is Jatin Rathod and I am from Junagadh (Gujarat), the city which is the 7th largest in Gujarat, in western India, located at the foot of the Girnar hills. Junagadh Agricultural University is one of the reputed educational institutes of the district. Uparkot Fort, Chorwad Beach, Gir Forest and Sanctuary, Girnar Temple, Damodar, Maqbara are the special features of Junagadh district.
I am student of H.M.P.I.E.T.R.( Vallbh Vidhyanagar ) the institute which offers various programmes like B.Ed(English), M.A.(ELT), M.phil (ELT), Ph.D(ELT). It also conducts various teacher training programmes and also designs text book at different level for the State Government
My academic interests are use of ICT in language teaching and also language and literature to teach ESL students
CRITICAL THINKING AND LANGUAGE LEARNING course encourage me to think critically
Hello, I am Dipti Rohit. My hometown is Vadodara. Its known as "Sanskari Nagri" of the Gujarat state. and also known as Baroda. Barodians are crazy about food, entertainment & full of enjoyment. Sir Sayajirao Gaekwad-III was established The Maharaja Sayajirao University in Vadodara city. M.S. University is reputed in whole world for their education and reputation.
I have been studying MA ELT [Master of Arts In English Language Teaching] in H M Patel Institute of English Training and Research. Vallabh Vidhyanagar.
I have learned much about Online teaching and learning from this Institute.
Now, I pleased to say you all that my Institute H M Patel Institute of English Training and Research have launched this blog for "Critical Thinking Course". We will sure learn interesting and helpful things from it.
Hello, Sunil sir, Anna Medam and Friends,
Welcome All of you, I m Gohil Megha, I am from Bharuch which is famous for Golden Bridge and Kabir vad and Swaminarayan temple, Narmada river etc holy places. It’s from Gujarat which is most famous western state for its vibernt festival like Uttarayan and its famous holy state for many of the freedom fighters. My hobby is listening music and net surfing like social sites facebook , whatsapp. I m doing M.A ELT from H.M. Patel Institute of Training and Research Centre which is teach about Language. It is very useful online work for everyone.
Respected Sunil sir & Anna Ma'am.
My name is Mohini Parmar. I am from Baroda. I have completed my bachelors from M.S.University Baroda. I have completed my masters in English Literature in N.S.Patel from S.P.University. Now I am pursuing my
M.A(ELT) from H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research center. My hobbies are singing, dancing,cooking,sports mostly i like to play with kids.
It's my pleasure to share with you’ll my areas of interests in academic field as well as co-curricular activities. Right now I am studding one course called Literature, Language and Mass Media. I find it very interesting because in this we learn how language can be modified and innovative in the field of mass media. Here we can see that how mass media and language are inter connected with each other.
I wish through this on-line teaching-learning process each of us would be benefited. It may be in the form of obtaining the knowledge about critical thinking and will also learn more about on-line programmes. I am sure about that we will learn interesting and helpful thing's from this critical thinking for language studies.
Honorable sir, and all my friends,
My name is Solanki Priyanka, I m from Godhara in Panchmahal. Panchmahal is a made by 5 mahal(palaces) I like to watch t.v and listen music.I study in H.M Patel Institute of Traning and Research. I like to also Travelling.I would like to attach with the Mass Media field.In ELT course I like Teaching and Learning subject, and also Literature.And in ELT course I Improve My self.
Hello sir and all friends,
I am Sneha Macwan from Bhumel. It is a beautiful village in Nadiad District. I have completed B.A. from S.P. University and I am the student of M.A. ELT in H.M Patel Institute.I like to do shopping, listening to songs and doing some creative work.In my graduation I was not working with technology too much but during my three semesters of MA I became much familiar with online assessments and submissions.I hope this new online course of "critical thinking" I will enjoy and learn more.
Hello sir and friends
I am Hemangini Chaudhari. I am from small town of Surat district.Surat is famous for diamonds and textiles industries. And also famous for foods like Undhiyu. Suterfeni, Ghari, Locho.I completed my graduation in N.S.Patel arts college.I am pursuing my M.A.ELT in H.M.Patel Institute of S.P.University in Vidyanagar.In college I learn many things about how to use language and how to teach others.My interest is in Literature but I like to work online and I hope this course will enrich my language.
Hello Sunil sir, Anna madam and my dear friends,
It gives me an immense joy to introduce myself on this virtual platform of Critical Thinking Skills. My name is Jigar Abhani. I hail from Rajkot. I am a student of MA (ELT) final year at H M Patel Institute of English Training and Research. I have completed my graduation from Nalini-Arvind and T V Patel Arts College, Vallabh Vidyanagar. As a student of ELT I am very much interested in English language and specifically methods of teaching English i.e. how it can be taught in an effective and constructive manner. I am also interested in literature. Literature can be one of the best sources to learn language because we all know that literature is embodied in language. Besides, I also like to read good literary texts as I believe that they enhance our intellectual and critical thinking abilities.
Hello sir,
And
Hello friends,
I would like to introduce myself, I am Jaiswal Chandani , from Thasra near Dakor (Gujarat).In Dakor grand and very famous temple of Shree Ranchhodray. I have completed my whole Education from Sardar Patel University, V.V.Nagar. Yet I am student of H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research My hobby is painting ,Dancing,Singing,Cooking and Reading story books.
I think that through this online learning we all are interested and get benefit from it. By this process we are connected with each other and can do communication. Its very help full to the student.
Hello Sunil Sir and dear friends,
My name is Ahesan. I am come from Kalol, which is under the district of Panchmahal. Halol-Kalol both words are famous for it's combination of rhyme. Pavaghadh is well known and religious place of Indian and all tourists who believes in Indian myth. I am doing M.A.(ELT) in H.M.Patel Institute of English Training and Research, it's in Vidyanagar. My academic interests are doing well work on this course. Doing online work is very interesting so here we learnt how to work in online task and how to create the online class?.
Hello respected sir and madam,
My name is Aaqibkhan A. Lohani. I am from Jamnagar which is famous for many things like it has largest coastal area in Gujarat. It has many MNC like Reliance, ESSAR, GSFC. My hobbies are playing cricket, basketball, football and using internet for academic purpose. My areas of interest in academic field are Research methodology. Through this online work we can do discussion on various articles.
Dear students,
We are very pleased to get such comprehensive introductions from all of you. keep up the good work!!
Now that most of you have introduced yourselves [buck up those that are left :)], let me remind you about the next part of your Assignment 1. You need to post your responses to the assigned readings that you have done by tomorrow 29th January.
Also, let me once again inform you about the weekly assessment that we will conduct online. You will be required to answer a weekly test online so we get a general idea about how far we are getting along. If you have any queries or doubts, you may contact Sunil sir or me.
looking forward to your assignments.
Anna ma’am
Honorable sir & my classmates,
I am Amey Patel from Bhalej. I am studying in M.A (ELT) sem.4 at H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research.My village is located at Anand - Dakor road, 11 km far from Anand. Bhalej is famous for Jal Mandir(Vav) of goddess Bhadrakali. It is believe that this temple was built during one night. I would like to say H.M.Ptatel Institute...is unlimited supply of knowledge. This institute provides me not only education but powerd me for malty tasking also.
Respected sir and ma'am,
It is my pleasure to introduce myself. I'm Vivek I. Parmar born and raised in Vallabh Vidyanagar. I've received my B.Ed degree from H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research.I'm pursuing my M.A. degree in the stream of E.L.T. From H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research.
We are three in my family. I've one sibling.
About my achievement, I got second prize in singing competition in Youth Festival which was organised by S.P.University.
My strengths are my attitude that I like to take challenges that I CAN do it,my way of thinking that I take both success and failure in a balanced manner.
I don't like to say weakness but I would like to say scope for improvement that is I won't leave any ask in completely,I believe in my self and my hard work and I want perfection in every thing.
My long term goal to placed in well reputed college as lecturer and give my best.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE 1 & 2.(Foundation of Thinking & what is Thinking)
In article 1, I found the history of critical thinking in various periods.
Socrates emphasis on deep questioning before we believe the thinking as a whole. He established the importance of evidence, reasoning, assumptions and analysis as well as what is said and what is done. Thomas Aquinas who to ensure his thinking met the test of critical thought, always systematically stated, considered, and answered all criticisms of his ideas as a necessary stage in developing them. In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. Bacon in his book, The Advancement of Learning told that most people develop bad habits of thought that lead them to believe what is false or misleading. He called attention to "Idols of the tribe", "Idols of the market-place", "Idols of the theater", and "Idols of the schools". Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) neither accepted as necessarily rational that which was considered "normal" in their culture. Both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. In France, Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot, all began with the premise that the human mind, when disciplined by reason, is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world. Eighteenth Century thinkers extended our conception of critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools. In the 19th Century, we may find the thoughts of Karl Marx, Darwin’s Descent of Man, work of Sigmund Freud. We have increased our sense of its grounding in actual human purposes, goals, and objectives.
In Article 2,
I found the concept of thinking and perspectives of thinking. Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. One of it is:
• Thinking as a “stream of consciousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams (p. 3)
The role of the learner is acknowledged as central. Many classroom interventions emphasize the importance of helping students to develop a positive orientation to learning and a belief that they are capable of succeeding if they work hard and apply appropriate strategies. There are three perspectives of thinking:
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:--
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:--
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE:--
Article-1
Critical thinking is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, partially true, or false.
2,500 years ago, Socrates established the fact that one cannot depend upon those in "authority" to have sound knowledge and insight. His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. However comfortable or comforting they may be — lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant our belief. In the Middle Ages, the tradition of systematic critical thinking was embodied in the writings and teachings of such thinkers as Thomas. Aquinas’ thinking also illustrates that those who think critically do not always reject established beliefs, only those beliefs that lack reasonable foundations. In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. Francis Bacon, in England, recognized explicitly that the mind cannot safely be left to its natural tendencies. In his book The Advancement of Learning.
Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th and 18th Century) did their work. In his Sceptical Chymist. Eighteenth Century thinkers extended our conception of critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools. In the 19th Century, Karl Marx’s produced the searching social and economic critique and Sigmund Freud’s worked about unconscious mind. To sum up, the tools and resources of the critical thinker have been degree increased in virtue of the history of critical thought. Socrates gives more powerfully and focally framed and used in question. In every domain of human thought, every use of reasoning.
Article- 2 The word ‘ Thinking’ particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean goal- directed process, imagining situations, reasoning, solving problems, making decisions and judgments. Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. One is,
• Thinking as a “ stream of consciousness” and the everyday “ uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams (p.3)
The issue here is control. Both the Philosophy and Sociology of education have wrestled with the problems of indoctrination and empowerment. Second things are Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them. There are three perspectives described in this article. They are, Psychological Perspectives:- Sociological Perspectives:- Philosophical Perspectives:
Rajanikant V. Patel,
MA (ELT), SEM.-4,
Roll no.-43
Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking
The term ‘’critical thinking” means to judge or to evaluate something, to think critically means to think impartially and to respond. The roots of critical thinking are too much ancient. Anybody can’t depend upon others of having insight and sound knowledge. Socrates believed that persons may have power and high status; however, we can’t claim that of not being confused and rational. His method of questioning is known as “Socrates Questioning‘’ which is one of the best teaching strategy of critical thinking. We may have a question that what’s the need of questioning? It is for clarity and logical consistency.
Only the trained mind is prepared to see the thinks with the critical point of view. Aquinas stated that we need to have awareness not only about potential power of reasoning but also about the need of reasoning. Of course, Aquinas illustrates that those who think critically are not tended to ignore the established beliefs but they see only the lack of reasonable foundations of innovative ideas.
Francis Bacons (in England) is known as one of the best essay writer who wrote the first book of critical thinking “The Advancement of Learning”. He argued to the favor of importance of studying the world impartially. Some fifty years later in France, Descartes wrote the second text in critical thinking, “Rules for the Direction of the Mind”. In it, Descartes argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. In the same period, Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia. This kind of thinking of these scholars (Renaissance and Post renaissance) played a major role the emergence of science, development of democracy, human rights, freedom for thought etc.. In the Renaissance, Machiavelli’s “The Prince” laid the foundation for modern critical political thought.
At the time of 17th and 18th centuries, Skeptical Chemist, Boyle criticized the chemical theory that had preceded him. In the 19th century, critical thinking was expanded to human social life by Comte and Spencer.
• What is thinking?
Stream of consciousness
Uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads
For ex. “I think it is going to rain tomorrow”.
Thinking is nothing any more but a process remembering, forming concepts, planning of what to do and say, imagine situation, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions, judgments, generative new perspectives. It is the role of teacher is to develop this thinking; in various frameworks for the process of thinking. In others, the role of the learners is acknowledged as central to this task.
• The development vivid approaches related to pedagogical thinking:-
Behaviorism approach
Cognitive aspect -> Bloom’s Taxonomy -> Education
Socio-cognitive theory
Now-a- days, the term thinking is generally referred to cognitive and Meta cognitive process. It has been branched into the various fields such as …
- Education/ Pedagogy perspective
- Social perspective
- Psychological perspective
- Philosophical perspective etc.
Article 1:-
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. Critical thinking is a one type of process that leads to skills that can be learned, mastered and used. Socrates’ discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. Socrates’ method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and it is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy.
People who think critically, they consistently attempt to live rationally, reasonably, emphatically.
In the 15th and 16th Centuries, a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. They proceeded with the assumption that most of the domains of human life were in need of searching analysis and critique. Among these scholars were Colet, Erasmus, and Moore in England. Francis Bacon argued in his book ‘The Advancement of Learning’ for the importance of studying in world empirically. He also called attention to the fact that most people, if left to their own devices, develop bad habits of thought (which he called "idols") that lead them to believe what is false or misleading.
In France, Descartes wrote a book ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ which is argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He articulated and defended the need in thinking for clarity and precision. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt. He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought through foundational assumptions. Every part of thinking, he argued, should be questioned, doubted, and tested.
In 16th and 17th Centuries, Hobbes and Locke Both were looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. He laid the theoretical foundation for critical thinking about basic human rights and the responsibilities of all governments to submit to the reasoned criticism of thoughtful citizens. According to William Graham Sumner “Critical thinking is the examination and test of propositions of any kind which are offered for acceptance, in order to find out whether they correspond to reality or not. The critical faculty is a product of education and training. It is a mental habit and power”.
Article 2:-
Thinking is one type of the process of considering or reasoning about something. According to Dewey “Thinking as a ‘stream of consciousness’ and the everyday ‘uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads’, including dreaming and daydreams”. In his view, the development of reflective thought is the most important goal of education and enables the individual to take control of and responsibility for their own thinking in order to participate effectively as a member of a democratic society.
There are three strategies of thinking: - 1) Psychological perspectives 2) Sociological perspectives 3) Philosophical perspectives. In this, the higher levels of the brain make a model of the actual world, a mental picture that parallels the world, though no doubt with distortions (Craik,1943;Zangwill,1980;Nathan, 1987).Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. A number of philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning.
very good denish for posting the first response...I hope your friends follow soon...
Ninama Atul R.
MA(ELT)Sem-4
Roll No-07
A brief History of Critical Thinking
Before going to learn critical thinking fist of all we have to understand what thinking is. Let we try to understand about thinking. Generally, thinking means goal directed process. According to Dewey, Thinking as a “stream of conciniousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads” ,including dreaming and daydreams. We can think, Thinking as three perspective: Psychological, sociological and philosophical
From Socrates to the recent thinkers the vision of thinking is still as well as years ago. Socrates established the fact that one can not depend upon those in “authority” to have sound Knowledge and insight and the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthly of belief. He set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking. And this practice was followed by Plato and Aristotle. They believed that only the trained mind can think critically.
The middle aged thinkers like, Thomas Aquinas (Sumna Theologica) heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined.”
In the Renaissance period(15th & 16th cen.) the European thinkers like Colet, Erasmus, and Moore began to think about religion, art, society human nature ,law, and freedom.
In England, the thinker, Francis Bacon, in his book, The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. He compared” Bad Thoughts” with” Idols.” He catagorised thoghts in the following ways:
a)Idols of Tribe (the way our mind naturally tends to trick itself),
b)Idols of the market place (the ways we misuses words),
c)Idols of the theatre(our tendency to become trapped in conventional system of thought),and,
d)Idols of the schools(the problems in thinking when based on blind rules and poor instruction.
In France,Descartes, in his book,Rules For The Direction of The Mind, he argued for the need for a special systemic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt .He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought throught foundational assumpsions. In the same time,Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique.
Hobbes and Locke(16th &17th cen) both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Robert Boyle ,Sir Issac Newton, Copernicus Galileo, and Kepler reflected on the natural world that egocentric views of world must be abandoned in favor of views based on entirely on carefully gathered evidence and sound reasoning.
Eighteenth century thinkers developed our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools applying with the problem of economics. The 19th century thinkers like, Karl Marx, Darwin, Sigmund Frued worked on the field of Anthropology and Linguistics. William Graham, the 20th century thinker, documented the tendency of the human mind to think sociocentrically. John Dewey favored sociocentric tendencies.He gave the word “conscious realization .”
In summing up, we can say that thinking is always context specific.
Ninama Atul R.
MA(ELT)Sem-4
Roll No-07
A brief History of Critical Thinking
Before going to learn critical thinking fist of all we have to understand what thinking is. Let we try to understand about thinking. Generally, thinking means goal directed process. According to Dewey, Thinking as a “stream of conciniousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads” ,including dreaming and daydreams. We can think, Thinking as three perspective: Psychological, sociological and philosophical
From Socrates to the recent thinkers the vision of thinking is still as well as years ago. Socrates established the fact that one can not depend upon those in “authority” to have sound Knowledge and insight and the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthly of belief. He set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking. And this practice was followed by Plato and Aristotle. They believed that only the trained mind can think critically.
The middle aged thinkers like, Thomas Aquinas (Sumna Theologica) heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined.”
In the Renaissance period(15th & 16th cen.) the European thinkers like Colet, Erasmus, and Moore began to think about religion, art, society human nature ,law, and freedom.
In England, the thinker, Francis Bacon, in his book, The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. He compared” Bad Thoughts” with” Idols.” He catagorised thoghts in the following ways:
a)Idols of Tribe (the way our mind naturally tends to trick itself),
b)Idols of the market place (the ways we misuses words),
c)Idols of the theatre(our tendency to become trapped in conventional system of thought),and,
d)Idols of the schools(the problems in thinking when based on blind rules and poor instruction.
In France,Descartes, in his book,Rules For The Direction of The Mind, he argued for the need for a special systemic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt .He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought throught foundational assumpsions. In the same time,Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique.
Hobbes and Locke(16th &17th cen) both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Robert Boyle ,Sir Issac Newton, Copernicus Galileo, and Kepler reflected on the natural world that egocentric views of world must be abandoned in favor of views based on entirely on carefully gathered evidence and sound reasoning.
Eighteenth century thinkers developed our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools applying with the problem of economics. The 19th century thinkers like, Karl Marx, Darwin, Sigmund Frued worked on the field of Anthropology and Linguistics. William Graham, the 20th century thinker, documented the tendency of the human mind to think sociocentrically. John Dewey favored sociocentric tendencies.He gave the word “conscious realization .”
In summing up, we can say that thinking is always context specific.
A brief History of Critical Thinking
Before going to learn critical thinking fist of all we have to understand what thinking is. Let we try to understand about thinking. Generally, thinking means goal directed process. According to Dewey, Thinking as a “stream of conciniousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads” ,including dreaming and daydreams. We can think, Thinking as three perspective: Psychological, sociological and philosophical
From Socrates to the recent thinkers the vision of thinking is still as well as years ago. Socrates established the fact that one can not depend upon those in “authority” to have sound Knowledge and insight and the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthly of belief. He set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking. And this practice was followed by Plato and Aristotle. They believed that only the trained mind can think critically.
The middle aged thinkers like, Thomas Aquinas (Sumna Theologica) heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined.”
In the Renaissance period(15th & 16th cen.) the European thinkers like Colet, Erasmus, and Moore began to think about religion, art, society human nature ,law, and freedom.
In England, the thinker, Francis Bacon, in his book, The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. He compared” Bad Thoughts” with” Idols.” He catagorised thoghts in the following ways: a)Idols of Tribe (the way our mind naturally tends to trick itself), b)Idols of the market place (the ways we misuses words), c)Idols of the theatre(our tendency to become trapped in conventional system of thought),and, d)Idols of the schools(the problems in thinking when based on blind rules and poor instruction. In France,Descartes, in his book, Rules For The Direction of The Mind, he argued for the need for a special systemic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt .He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought throught foundational assumptions. In the same time,Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique. Hobbes and Locke(16th &17th cen) both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Robert Boyle ,Sir Issac Newton, Copernicus Galileo, and Kepler reflected on the natural world that egocentric views of world must be abandoned in favor of views based on entirely on carefully gathered evidence and sound reasoning. Eighteenth century thinkers developed our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools applying with the problem of economics. The 19th century thinkers like, Karl Marx, Darwin, Sigmund Freud worked on the field of Anthropology and Linguistics. William Graham, the 20th century thinker, documented the tendency of the human mind to think sociocentrically. John Dewey favored sociocentric tendencies.He gave the word “conscious realization.” In summing up, we can say that thinking is always context specific.
A brief History of Critical Thinking
Before going to learn critical thinking fist of all we have to understand what thinking is. Let we try to understand about thinking. Generally, thinking means goal directed process. According to Dewey, Thinking as a “stream of conciniousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads” ,including dreaming and daydreams. We can think, Thinking as three perspective: Psychological, sociological and philosophical
From Socrates to the recent thinkers the vision of thinking is still as well as years ago. Socrates established the fact that one can not depend upon those in “authority” to have sound Knowledge and insight and the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthly of belief. He set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking. And this practice was followed by Plato and Aristotle. They believed that only the trained mind can think critically.
The middle aged thinkers like, Thomas Aquinas (Sumna Theologica) heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined.”
In the Renaissance period(15th & 16th cen.) the European thinkers like Colet, Erasmus, and Moore began to think about religion, art, society human nature ,law, and freedom.
In England, the thinker, Francis Bacon, in his book, The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. He compared” Bad Thoughts” with” Idols.” He catagorised thoghts in the following ways: a)Idols of Tribe (the way our mind naturally tends to trick itself), b)Idols of the market place (the ways we misuses words), c)Idols of the theatre(our tendency to become trapped in conventional system of thought),and, d)Idols of the schools(the problems in thinking when based on blind rules and poor instruction. In France,Descartes, in his book, Rules For The Direction of The Mind, he argued for the need for a special systemic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt .He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought throught foundational assumptions. In the same time,Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique. Hobbes and Locke(16th &17th cen) both looked to the critical mind to open up new vistas of learning. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Robert Boyle ,Sir Issac Newton, Copernicus Galileo, and Kepler reflected on the natural world that egocentric views of world must be abandoned in favor of views based on entirely on carefully gathered evidence and sound reasoning. Eighteenth century thinkers developed our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools applying with the problem of economics. The 19th century thinkers like, Karl Marx, Darwin, Sigmund Freud worked on the field of Anthropology and Linguistics. William Graham, the 20th century thinker, documented the tendency of the human mind to think sociocentrically. John Dewey favored sociocentric tendencies.He gave the word “conscious realization.” In summing up, we can say that thinking is always context specific.
Summary of articles:
By reading the first article I came to know that critical thinking is a skill to be cultivated. It contains logic and unbiased opinions of the topic. Moreover, it is not a new concept. Whether its East or West our ancestors did it too. Here we are given the instance of Socrates’ thinking and his thinking was followed by Plato and Aristotle who believed that things don’t seem as in real they are. They often make an illusionary image. They said it needs a trained mind to see the real picture or meaning. Thomas Aquinas, in the middle ages, also emphasized on cultivating critical thinking and also reported that this ability should be cross checked too. Bacon in his ‘The Advancement of Learning’ and Descartes in his ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ talks about critical thinking. Descartes said every part of thinking should be doubted, questioned and tested.
After reading this in my opinion critical thinking is something in which the thinker improves his own thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing and try to reconstruct the thought.
The second article talks about the art of thinking. Dewey’s classification of thinking as explained in his ‘How we Think’ says,
1. It is uncontrolled ideas that come across our mind throughout the day,
2. We use it when we imagine things,
3. Sometimes we say “I think …” when we have some kind of knowledge and on that base we try to say something,
4. We use term “think” when we are reflecting upon something.
It also talks about three kinds of perspectives i.e. psychological, sociological, and philosophical perspectives.
Summary of articles:
By reading the first article I came to know that critical thinking is a skill to be cultivated. It contains logic and unbiased opinions of the topic. Moreover, it is not a new concept. Whether its East or West our ancestors did it too. Here we are given the instance of Socrates’ thinking and his thinking was followed by Plato and Aristotle who believed that things don’t seem as in real they are. They often make an illusionary image. They said it needs a trained mind to see the real picture or meaning. Thomas Aquinas, in the middle ages, also emphasized on cultivating critical thinking and also reported that this ability should be cross checked too. Bacon in his ‘The Advancement of Learning’ and Descartes in his ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ talks about critical thinking. Descartes said every part of thinking should be doubted, questioned and tested.
After reading this in my opinion critical thinking is something in which the thinker improves his own thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing and try to reconstruct the thought.
The second article talks about the art of thinking. Dewey’s classification of thinking as explained in his ‘How we Think’ says,
1. It is uncontrolled ideas that come across our mind throughout the day,
2. We use it when we imagine things,
3. Sometimes we say “I think …” when we have some kind of knowledge and on that base we try to say something,
4. We use term “think” when we are reflecting upon something.
It also talks about three kinds of perspectives i.e. psychological, sociological, and philosophical perspectives.
Nisha Chavda.
E L T Sem-4
Foundation for Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
The Critical thinking is established the fact situation but they cannot depend upon those authority to have own sound knowledge and insight. Socrates established to improve the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief.
Socrates take some importance of seeking evidence, closely examining responding and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is done as well. And Socrates method of questing is known as “Socratic Questioning”.
From the ancient Greek tradition emerged the need for anyone who aspired to understand the realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly. It has been developing gradually since a long time.
Francis Bacon leaded this idea into the field of learning. Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of new social order, Utopia. Machiavelli leaded it into the field of politics through his work named The prince. Boyle, a chemist criticized this theory into the field of chemical theory.
• What is thinking?
It is a psychological process which occurs conscious state of mind.
The word ‘thinking’ is related to many cognitive process such as remembering, forming any concepts, planning of what to do and say, imaging situation, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments. In others, the role of the learner is acknowledged as central to this task.
• The development of different fields:-
- Psychological perspectives:
> developed by Bloom who had sought to conceptualized a multitude of cognitive process as a means of improving teaching , learning and assessment .
- Sociological perspectives:-
> Awareness of aspect of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
- Philosophical perspectives :-
Education philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge; a genetic perspective.
What is Critical Thinking?
Introduction:
Humans think. You know this. Everyone, whether they seem to or not,
thinks. You are thinking at this moment as you read these words. You
might be thinking about where the person writing these words (me,
the author) is going with this topic on thinking.
Brief history of critical thinking
Critical thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a good memory and who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself. In the Renaissance 15th and 16th Centuries, a flood of scholars in Europe
began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and
freedom. They proceeded with the assumption that most of the domains of
human life were in need of searching analysis and critique. Francis Bacon, in England, was explicitly concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge. He recognized explicitly that the mind cannot safely be left to its natural tendencies. Some fifty years later in France, Descartes wrote what might be called the second text in critical thinking, Rules For the Direction of the Mind. In it, Descartes argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the
mind to guide it in thinking. He articulated and defended the need in thinking for clarity and precision. Hobbes and Locke in 16th and 17th Century England displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Neither accepted the traditional picture of things dominant in the thinking of their day. Students learn to think economically, geographically, biologically, chemically. Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills without acceptance of their results. Critical thinking is that mode of thinking - about any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and
imposing intellectual standards upon them.
Nisha Chavda.
E L T Sem-4
Foundation for Critical Thinking
What is Critical Thinking?
The Critical thinking is established the fact situation but they cannot depend upon those authority to have own sound knowledge and insight. Socrates established to improve the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. Socrates take some importance of seeking evidence, closely examining responding and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is done as well. And Socrates method of questing is known as “Socratic Questioning”.
From the ancient Greek tradition emerged the need for anyone who aspired to understand the realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly. It has been developing gradually since a long time.
Francis Bacon leaded this idea into the field of learning. Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of new social order, Utopia. Machiavelli leaded it into the field of politics through his work named The prince. Boyle, a chemist criticized this theory into the field of chemical theory.
• What is thinking?
It is a psychological process which occurs conscious state of mind.
The word ‘thinking’ is related to many cognitive process such as remembering, forming any concepts, planning of what to do and say, imaging situation, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments. In others, the role of the learner is acknowledged as central to this task.
• The development of different fields:-
- Psychological perspectives:
> developed by Bloom who had sought to conceptualized a multitude of cognitive process as a means of improving teaching , learning and assessment .
- Sociological perspectives:-
> Awareness of aspect of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
- Philosophical perspectives :-
Education philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge; a genetic perspective.
What is thinking?
In 1913, Dewey’s tries to explain the term ‘thinking’ and said that thinking is a ‘stream of consciousness’ but according to my opinion, thinking is not only stream of consciousness but also stream of unconsciousness because we always do not think consciously or our mind sometime thinks in unconsciousness. E.g. dream and reverie come at night and day respectively.
In educational context, the term thinking is used as a process for remembering, planning what to do and say, solving problems, making decisions and judgments etc.
There are three perspectives of thinking:
1) Psychological Perspectives:
In it, thinking is used as internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information.
2) Sociological perspectives:
When a person begins to think for themselves, ask questions and generally experiment, he or she gradually becomes independent and develop his or her mind and begin to act back on the social. Here, thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
3) Philosophical perspectives:
According to McPeck (1981), thinking is always context specific. Though, it is said that thinking is identified in different context.
What is critical thinking?
Generally, critical thinking is related to looking for evidences, being fair-minded and accurate. It is an originality of ideas.
Foundation of Critical thinking:
A Greek philosopher and thinker, Socratic, who found the method of questioning which is now known as ‘Socratic Questioning’ and it is the best known ‘critical thinking teaching strategy’. Socratic by his method of questioning said that people could not justify their confident claims to knowledge even if they have knowledge, high power and high position because of confused meaning, inadequate evidence or self-contradictory, deeply confused logical consistency, clarity etc. That’s why, he emphasizes on the importance of seeking evidence, closely examine reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts to justify the claims.
Plato and Aristotle, other Greek philosophers, followed Socratic practice and emphasize on the appearance of things which are looked at differently by only a trained mind. In a critical thinking, trained mind plays an important role to understand deeper realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly and deeply.
In the middle ages, critical thinking was embodied in the writing and teaching. Thomas Aquinas aware us that reasoning in critical thinking is to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined” and rejects beliefs which does not have reasons.
In England, the book named, The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon and in France, the book called, Rules for the Direction of the Mind by Descartes focus on the agenda of critical thinking. Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore is also best example of it. In short, from ancient to 20th century, idea of critical thinking was founded by different thinkers.
The common denominators of critical thinking are the most important by-products of the history of critical thinking:
Critical thinking looks not only at what is said but also what is said and it must be analyzed and assessed not only on the appearance of thing but also on its clarity, accuracy, relevance, depth, breath and logicalness.
Hence, in critical thinking, thought and reasoning are now baselines which are focused by questioning.
What is thinking?
In 1913, Dewey’s tries to explain the term ‘thinking’ and said that thinking is a ‘stream of consciousness’ but according to my opinion, thinking is not only stream of consciousness but also stream of unconsciousness because we always do not think consciously or our mind sometime thinks in unconsciousness. E.g. dream and reverie come at night and day respectively.
In educational context, the term thinking is used as a process for remembering, planning what to do and say, solving problems, making decisions and judgments etc.
There are three perspectives of thinking:
1) Psychological Perspectives:
In it, thinking is used as internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information.
2) Sociological perspectives:
When a person begins to think for themselves, ask questions and generally experiment, he or she gradually becomes independent and develop his or her mind and begin to act back on the social. Here, thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
3) Philosophical perspectives:
According to McPeck (1981), thinking is always context specific. Though, it is said that thinking is identified in different context.
What is critical thinking?
Generally, critical thinking is related to looking for evidences, being fair-minded and accurate. It is an originality of ideas.
Foundation of Critical thinking:
A Greek philosopher and thinker, Socratic, who found the method of questioning which is now known as ‘Socratic Questioning’ and it is the best known ‘critical thinking teaching strategy’. Socratic by his method of questioning said that people could not justify their confident claims to knowledge even if they have knowledge, high power and high position because of confused meaning, inadequate evidence or self-contradictory, deeply confused logical consistency, clarity etc. That’s why, he emphasizes on the importance of seeking evidence, closely examine reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts to justify the claims.
Plato and Aristotle, other Greek philosophers, followed Socratic practice and emphasize on the appearance of things which are looked at differently by only a trained mind. In a critical thinking, trained mind plays an important role to understand deeper realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly and deeply.
In the middle ages, critical thinking was embodied in the writing and teaching. Thomas Aquinas aware us that reasoning in critical thinking is to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined” and rejects beliefs which does not have reasons.
In England, the book named, The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon and in France, the book called, Rules for the Direction of the Mind by Descartes focus on the agenda of critical thinking. Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore is also best example of it. In short, from ancient to 20th century, idea of critical thinking was founded by different thinkers.
The common denominators of critical thinking are the most important by-products of the history of critical thinking:
Critical thinking looks not only at what is said but also what is said and it must be analyzed and assessed not only on the appearance of thing but also on its clarity, accuracy, relevance, depth, breath and logicalness.
Hence, in critical thinking, thought and reasoning are now baselines which are focused by questioning.
What is thinking?
In 1913, Dewey’s tries to explain the term ‘thinking’ and said that thinking is a ‘stream of consciousness’ but according to my opinion, thinking is not only stream of consciousness but also stream of unconsciousness because we always do not think consciously or our mind sometime thinks in unconsciousness. E.g. dream and reverie come at night and day respectively.
In educational context, the term thinking is used as a process for remembering, planning what to do and say, solving problems, making decisions and judgments etc.
There are three perspectives of thinking:
1) Psychological Perspectives:
In it, thinking is used as internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information.
2) Sociological perspectives:
When a person begins to think for themselves, ask questions and generally experiment, he or she gradually becomes independent and develop his or her mind and begin to act back on the social. Here, thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
3) Philosophical perspectives:
According to McPeck (1981), thinking is always context specific. Though, it is said that thinking is identified in different context.
What is critical thinking?
Generally, critical thinking is related to looking for evidences, being fair-minded and accurate. It is an originality of ideas.
Foundation of Critical thinking:
A Greek philosopher and thinker, Socratic, who found the method of questioning which is now known as ‘Socratic Questioning’ and it is the best known ‘critical thinking teaching strategy’. Socratic by his method of questioning said that people could not justify their confident claims to knowledge even if they have knowledge, high power and high position because of confused meaning, inadequate evidence or self-contradictory, deeply confused logical consistency, clarity etc. That’s why, he emphasizes on the importance of seeking evidence, closely examine reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts to justify the claims.
Plato and Aristotle, other Greek philosophers, followed Socratic practice and emphasize on the appearance of things which are looked at differently by only a trained mind. In a critical thinking, trained mind plays an important role to understand deeper realities, to think systematically, to trace implications broadly and deeply.
In the middle ages, critical thinking was embodied in the writing and teaching. Thomas Aquinas aware us that reasoning in critical thinking is to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined” and rejects beliefs which does not have reasons.
In England, the book named, The Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon and in France, the book called, Rules for the Direction of the Mind by Descartes focus on the agenda of critical thinking. Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore is also best example of it. In short, from ancient to 20th century, idea of critical thinking was founded by different thinkers.
The common denominators of critical thinking are the most important by-products of the history of critical thinking:
Critical thinking looks not only at what is said but also what is said and it must be analyzed and assessed not only on the appearance of thing but also on its clarity, accuracy, relevance, depth, breath and logicalness.
Hence, in critical thinking, thought and reasoning are now baselines which are focused by questioning.
Summary of articles:
The first article ‘A Brief History of The Idea of Critical Thinking’ talks about the roots from where it started. It informs us that it’s not a new concept but from the time of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle we are following this type of thinking. They believed that each and every thing has two type of impression on our minds. Frist is basic or surface impression and the second is the real picture or reality of that picture. Each and every person can see the thing from its surface but when it comes to the real meaning it demands properly cultivated skill i.e. critical thinking. Socrates advocated importance of seeking evidences, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts and tracing out implications not only of what is said but also of what is done as well. In Middle Ages Thomas Aquinas, In the Renaissance Collet, Erasmus, Bacon and Moore all talked about critical thinking. Moreover, in Italian Renaissance Machiavelli’s The Prince critically talked about the politics and the politician of the time. He described the contemporary politician and politics and at the same time he advocated the ideal things for the same.
According to me this article says that critical thinking is very much unbiased, free from personal likings and beliefs. It reads the matter, thinks over it, refines it, and thus comes to a conclusion which is perfect.
While in the second article, what is thinking the process of thinking is describes as a complex one. As Dewey’s introduction in his “How We Think” says we use word ‘think’ in many ways which makes its meaning more difficult to understand. In Educational term thinking can be used for remembering, answering, understanding, forming opinions etc. According to him main goal of education is to develop reflective thoughts in students. They must be able to control and modify their thinking and also to understand their responsibility as a part of society. Moreover it talks about three perspectives of thinking as psychological perspective, sociological perspective and philosophical perspective.
Thinking is an internal and mental process to operate information. Thinking is the complex process of ideas in the human mind. According to Dewey, thinking is as the stream of consciousness which cannot control. With educational context, Dewey present the development reflective thought is most important goal in learning and it is teacher who develop the sense of thinking by engaging them in to the various task of thinking. There are some perspectives for the thinking in the educational context. Bloom presented the psychological view of thinking and according to the psychological perspective the thinking is cognitive process. Research proves that the teaching thinking as the valuable means raise the educational level. To understand this complex matter one scholar named Thagard present the analogy of the computer and human mind. According to him as software is work as mind and the mental representation are like the store data in the computer. The other perspective is related to the sociological view the thinking affect by different social context. According to Philosophical perspectives, thinking is useful to know the development knowledge in educational process.
All perspectives have different views of thinking but there is same view of the importance of it in the educational purpose. The main point is that the critical thinking is help lot to fulfill the goal. The history of critical thinking is very ancient and seen the various aspect of critical thinking in every stage is modified with need of the learning. Socrates set the root of tradition of critical thinking and it is known as “Socratic Question” and it is prove to best critical thinking teaching strategy. It reflects the difference between what is reasonable and what logical belief is. This followed by many scholars and in middle ages the systematic critical thinking in teaching tested and examine the logical and reasonable beliefs. In 15 and 16 century the eco of the all scholars was turn to analysis and criticism. Francis Bacon, in England put the ground of modern science with the thinking process in his book ‘The Advancement of Learning’. So the critical thinking begun with think about art, politics, society, human nature etc. further the intellectual critical thinking emphasized by Boyle and Newton but they were not in fever of traditional perspective. There was the great contribution of French scholars in 17 century and they emphasized more on the reason and critical questioning for the sound thinking. Critical thinking is further extended and applied in politics by Karl Marx, in the biological life by Darwin, to understand the human mind by Freud. In field of linguistic, it used for function of the symbols and language in human use. In 20 century, there is the emergency of formulation to understand the critical thinking and one of this is the sociocentrical tendencies of human mind to think. In modern time the baseline are these fundamental thoughts and reasoning.
As critical thinking is most important in the learning process, it should start from very early stage of the learning. For the practice intellectual language, learners need the minimal critical thinking of every possible subject. Critical thinking is not only to memories information and examine but it is the process to cultivate the reasoning and critically proves facts.
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Thinking is an internal and mental process to operate information. Thinking is the complex process of ideas in the human mind. According to Dewey, thinking is as the stream of consciousness which cannot control. With educational context, Dewey present the development reflective thought is most important goal in learning and it is teacher who develop the sense of thinking by engaging them in to the various task of thinking. There are some perspectives for the thinking in the educational context. Bloom presented the psychological view of thinking and according to the psychological perspective the thinking is cognitive process. Research proves that the teaching thinking as the valuable means raise the educational level. To understand this complex matter one scholar named Thagard present the analogy of the computer and human mind. According to him as software is work as mind and the mental representation are like the store data in the computer. The other perspective is related to the sociological view the thinking affect by different social context. According to Philosophical perspectives, thinking is useful to know the development knowledge in educational process.
All perspectives have different views of thinking but there is same view of the importance of it in the educational purpose. The main point is that the critical thinking is help lot to fulfill the goal. The history of critical thinking is very ancient and seen the various aspect of critical thinking in every stage is modified with need of the learning. Socrates set the root of tradition of critical thinking and it is known as “Socratic Question” and it is prove to best critical thinking teaching strategy. It reflects the difference between what is reasonable and what logical belief is. This followed by many scholars and in middle ages the systematic critical thinking in teaching tested and examine the logical and reasonable beliefs. In 15 and 16 century the eco of the all scholars was turn to analysis and criticism. Francis Bacon, in England put the ground of modern science with the thinking process in his book ‘The Advancement of Learning’. So the critical thinking begun with think about art, politics, society, human nature etc. further the intellectual critical thinking emphasized by Boyle and Newton but they were not in fever of traditional perspective. There was the great contribution of French scholars in 17 century and they emphasized more on the reason and critical questioning for the sound thinking. Critical thinking is further extended and applied in politics by Karl Marx, in the biological life by Darwin, to understand the human mind by Freud. In field of linguistic, it used for function of the symbols and language in human use. In 20 century, there is the emergency of formulation to understand the critical thinking and one of this is the sociocentrical tendencies of human mind to think. In modern time the baseline are these fundamental thoughts and reasoning.
As critical thinking is most important in the learning process, it should start from very early stage of the learning. For the practice intellectual language, learners need the minimal critical thinking of every possible subject. Critical thinking is not only to memories information and examine but it is the process to cultivate the reasoning and critically proves facts.
Article-1
Foundation for Critical Thinking:-
We may have knowledge and we should be clear of what we think, Asking deep. Socrates highlighted the need in thinking for clarity and logical consistency .One should questions is good way before capturing some knowledge carefully distinguishing that are reasonable and logical from those which lack adequate evidence. According to ancient critics things are different from what they appear and only deep thinker can understand the things properly. Thinking is comprehensive, well-reasoned and deep thinking is necessary. Systematical critical thinking made Thomas Aquinas confident enough to develop political power. Critical thinkers do not reject factual things and do not reject established beliefs. In the Renaissance ,scholars like Colet, Erasmus started critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law and freedom. According to Utopia scholars opened way for the emergence of science for developing democracy, human rights, freedom for thought. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which evidence and reasoning are very important. According to French thinker Bayle, Voltaire and Diderot human mind is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world.
In the 18th century thinker like Adam Smith developed power of critical thought. In the 19th century thinker like Comte and Spencer suggest that critical thinking helps to develop for social and economical problems. Sigmund Freud also trained mind psychological thinking and unconscious mind in the 20th century William Graham published a land breaking study of the foundations. John dewy also developed pragmatic Piaget increased awareness of the egocentric, sociocentric, tendencies of human thought.
• The common denominators of critical thinking:- critical thinking requires systematic monitoring of thought and thinking must be analysed assessed for its clarity and accuracy relevance and coherence. Students need to be taught history simply as a body of facts to memories. Maths can be taught so that mathematic reasoning can be developed.
Article- 2
What is thinking?
Thinking is used to mean goal directed process such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining, situations, solving problems, making decision, and generating new perspectives.
According to John Dewy pragmatic and reflective thought is important goal of education.
• Psychological perspectives
Cognitive thinking, which was develop by Bloom, is essential for improving teaching learning and assessment thinking is an internal mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation of information.
• Sociological perspective
Thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions whether direct or indirect and the individual’s thinking is affected by the various affordances and constraints of different context.
• Philosophical perspective
The philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and related theories of meaning are relevant to an understanding of the way we think, know and learn.
Ennis argues that there are important general skills that can be used or applied across different contexts.
Article-1
Foundation for Critical Thinking:-
We may have knowledge and we should be clear of what we think, Asking deep. Socrates highlighted the need in thinking for clarity and logical consistency .One should questions is good way before capturing some knowledge carefully distinguishing that are reasonable and logical from those which lack adequate evidence. According to ancient critics things are different from what they appear and only deep thinker can understand the things properly. Thinking is comprehensive, well-reasoned and deep thinking is necessary. Systematical critical thinking made Thomas Aquinas confident enough to develop political power. Critical thinkers do not reject factual things and do not reject established beliefs. In the Renaissance ,scholars like Colet, Erasmus started critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law and freedom. According to Utopia scholars opened way for the emergence of science for developing democracy, human rights, freedom for thought. Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which evidence and reasoning are very important. According to French thinker Bayle, Voltaire and Diderot human mind is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world.
In the 18th century thinker like Adam Smith developed power of critical thought. In the 19th century thinker like Comte and Spencer suggest that critical thinking helps to develop for social and economical problems. Sigmund Freud also trained mind psychological thinking and unconscious mind in the 20th century William Graham published a land breaking study of the foundations. John dewy also developed pragmatic Piaget increased awareness of the egocentric, sociocentric, tendencies of human thought.
• The common denominators of critical thinking:- critical thinking requires systematic monitoring of thought and thinking must be analysed assessed for its clarity and accuracy relevance and coherence. Students need to be taught history simply as a body of facts to memories. Maths can be taught so that mathematic reasoning can be developed.
Article- 2
What is thinking?
Thinking is used to mean goal directed process such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining, situations, solving problems, making decision, and generating new perspectives.
According to John Dewy pragmatic and reflective thought is important goal of education.
• Psychological perspectives
Cognitive thinking, which was develop by Bloom, is essential for improving teaching learning and assessment thinking is an internal mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation of information.
• Sociological perspective
Thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions whether direct or indirect and the individual’s thinking is affected by the various affordances and constraints of different context.
• Philosophical perspective
The philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and related theories of meaning are relevant to an understanding of the way we think, know and learn.
Ennis argues that there are important general skills that can be used or applied across different contexts.
Foundation for Critical Thinking
Summary:-1
In this article talking about Foundation for Critical Thinking. Normally the critical means chemistry and physics, but in this article relates to critics or criticism and characteristic of critical stages (critical skills). Critical thinking has been defined;
“The mental process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesis, and evaluating information to reach an answer or conclusion."
Sometimes critical thinking is an individual and sometimes group engaged in a strong way of critical thinking. Critical thinking is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, true or false. It can be described in the west to ancient Greece with its Socratics method in East to ancient India. Critical thinking is an important components of many fields such as; education, politics, business, science and arts.
'Foundation for Critical Thinking' in this article many ideas of the literary critical thinking are presented. Firstly the intellectual roots of critical thinking are as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, teaching practice and vision of Socrates by a method of questioning people and justify their confident claims to knowledge. Socrates established the fact and importance of asking deep questions. The agenda for tradition of critical thinking and Socrates practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato and Aristotle the Greek skeptics, emphasized the surface (delusive appearance) to the way they really are beneath the surface (the deeper realities of life).
In the term 'Renaissance' means 'a new birth' or 'rebirth'.
The Renaissance began in Italy around mid- 14th century, slowly moving and it's over all of Europe and reaching England around 16th century. The Renaissance is associated with a variety of areas like; architecture, painting, visual arts, religion, human nature, law, and freedom. However, the intellectual and cultural aspect of commonly considered the Renaissance period in English literature, has several social, economic and political contexts that are important to the study of Shakespeare, Milton, Donne, Machiavelli and others. Some of the central features of the Renaissance are:
- Quest for Knowledge,
- The Rise of Civility,
- The New Religion,
- The New World,
- The New Science,
Critical thinking in life and in education:
Criticism is the examination and test of propositions of any kind. The critical faculty is a product of education and training. Its mental resources and power. It's a basic condition human welfare that men and women should be trained it. Education is good but gives freedom of the students and creativity the new idea for education and it can be truly said that it makes good Education.
The result of the collective contribution of the history of critical thought is that the basic questions of Socrates:
- Ends and objectives,
- The status and wording of questions,
- The sources of information and fact,
- The mode of judgment and reasoning possible,
- The concept that make that reasoning possible.
The fundamental elements of critical thinking are thought and reasoning. If students have clarity in thought and consistency in logic, they can be taught critical thinking moves in any subject. They do not need to be taught a particular subject simply but it should have a touch of reasoning. Classes can be organized in a way that students learn to think with reference to subject and develop skills and abilities. The tools and resources of the critical thinker have been increased virtue of the history of critical thought. In educational purposes critical thinking is most important.
Hello,This is Narendra padhiyar.I've received my B.Ed degree from
H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research and rigth now, I am doing my M.A.E.L.T. in H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research.I live in Malataj.
The idea of critical thinking.
Socrates 2,500 years ago discovered method people could not justify their confident claims to knowledge. He gave importance to asking deep question because through asking question we can judge the person easily. Socrates method is known as ‘Socratic Questioning’ Socrates highlighted that for in clarity any of the topic thinking is very important. Thomas Aquinas considered and answered all criticism of his ideas as a necessary stage in developing them. He thinks that those who think critically do not always reject established beliefs. Francis Bacon in his book The Advancement of learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. His book can be considered in critical thinking for his agenda was very much the traditional agenda of critical thinking. Descartes argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. Sir Thomas Moore in his implicit thesis was that established social systems are in need of radical analysis and critique. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. Schools make persons all on one pattern, orthodoxy. The popular opinions always contain broad fallacies, half-truths and glib generalizations. The critical faculty is a product of education and training. Education is good just so far as it produces well developed critical faculty. The tools and resources of the critical thinker have been vastly increased in virtue of the history of critical thought. The common denominators of critical thinking are the most important by products of the history of critical thinking. Ends & objective, the status and wording of questions. In the above question that intellectual errors occur any of these dimensions. Classes can be designed so that students can learn to think geographically, economically, biologically, chemically in courses within these disciplines. In principle then all students can be taught so that learn how to bring the basic tool of disciplined reasoning in to every subject they study.
What is thinking?
Trying to understand how people think and learn is in some ways an impossible challenge. We can choose to focus on measurable aspects of human behavior rather than on lived experience. “Thinking as a” stream of consciousness and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”. What we can say is that the word ‘thinking’ particularly in educational contexts is usually used to mean goal-directed process. In Dewey’s view the development of reflective thought is the most important goal of education.Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive process and products or anything related to them. Psychologists to conceptualize a multitude of cognitive process as a means of improving teaching. Cognitive psychologists typically study thinking in other people a third person perspective. Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation. A teacher necessarily has a third person perspective on the learners thinking. Thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions whether direct or indirect. When children are born they are born in to a society whose culture preceded them and will almost certainly continue after their lives are over. A number of philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning. In contemporary educational philosophy the most pertinent debate is how general aspects of thinking can be identified in different contexts.
Hi, Mohini welcome to this on line course. It would be better if you put your own ideas...
First of all understand the term “Thinking”. Trying to understand how people think and learn is in some ways an impossible challenge, since we can only try to understand these things by using the very processes that we do not fully understand. Here Dewey classified in the introduction to “How We Think” in which the term thinking used so he said that thinking as a stream of consciousness, thinking as an imagination or mindfulness, thinking as synonyms with believing such express, reflective thinking is basis of both of rationality and action. The word thinking, particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean goal-directed process, such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining situation, reasoning, solving problems, etc. After that entered the Psychological, Philosophical and Sociological Perspectives, in which it’s given different view about Thinking.
Now let’s see the foundation for Critical Thinking. 2500 years ago Socrates discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep questions and also connected with the importance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumption and tracing out and etc. His method of questioning is now known as “Socratic Questioning” and is the best well known critical thinking teaching theory. After this so many persons had given a different view about the Critical Thinking. Such as Thomas Aquinas who to ensure his thinking met the test of critical thought, always systematically stated, considered and answered all criticisms of his ideas as a necessary stage in developing them. In the Renaissance the assumption that most of the domains of human life were in need of searching analysis and critique. List of critics cited the precision about critical thinking their names like, Frances Bacon, Descartes, Thomas Moore, Machiavelli, Hobbs and Locke, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton, etc. Another significant contribution of critical thinking was made by the thinkers of the French enlightenment (Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire and Diderot). They all began with the premise that the human mind, when disciplined by reason, is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world.
In 18th cen. thinkers extended our conception of critical thought and developing its tools. In the 19th cen., critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human social life by Comte and Spencer. We now recognize that critical thinking, by its very nature, requires, for example, the recognition that all reasoning occurs within points of view and frames of reference; that all reasoning proceeds from some goals and objectives, has an informational base; that all data when used in reasoning must be interpreted, that interpretation involves concepts; that concepts entail assumption, and that all basic inferences in thought have implications.
All thinkers emphasized on reasoning. Student can learnt to think geographically, economically, biologically, chemically, in courses within these disciplines. Unfortunately, it is apparent, given the results of this study, that we are very far from this ideal state of affairs.
Summary of article-1 Foundation for Critical Thinking
This article gives you a brief history of the ideas of critical thinking. The intellectual roots of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology. Aristotle established the importance of asking deep questions which are now known as " Socratic Questioning ". Socrates' practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato. Development in the critical thinking was gradually done through many ages by scholars. In the middle ages, Aquinas heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and "cross- examined". In 15th and 16th centuries Francis Bacon, in England recognized explicitly that the mind cannot safely be left to its natural tendencies. Some fifty years later in France, Descartes developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt. In the same time period, sir Thomas Moore developed a mode of a new social order. Hobbes adopted and reasoning in 16th and 17th century England. Eighteenth Century thinkers developed our senses of the power of critical thought and of its tools. The domain of human social life was extended further by Comte and Spencer in the 19th century. In 1906, William Graham Summer published a land-breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology. According to Summer, "The critical faculty is a product of education and training. Education is good just so far as it produces well-developed critical faculty. Education in the critical faculty is the only education of which it can be said that it makes good citizens"(pp. 632,633). The students should be taught at least minimal critical thinking moves within any subject field so that students can learn to think historically and develop skills and abilities essential to historical thought.
Article-2 What is thinking
This article mainly focuses on the concept of thinking and its various perspectives. Dewey in 1933 gave the classic introduction to "How We Think" which offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. In educational context the word "thinking" is usually used to mean goal-directed process. Contemporary work in psychology of education has identified the role of meta cognition and self-regulation as of crucial importance. Thinking contains three perspectives namely Psychological perspectives, Sociological perspectives and Philosophical perspectives. Psychological perspective is related with the cognition of mind whereas in sociological perspectives social context becomes more important and philosophical perspective deals with the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language and related theories of meaning.
A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking
The concept of critical thinking was being taken into consideration since the time of Socrates 2,500. He set up the firm importance of seeking evidence, closely examine, reasoning and assumption, analyzing basic concept of not only what is said but of what is done as well. He also develop a method called "Socrates Questioning", best known for critical thinking teaching strategy. After Socrates Plato followed his practice. In Middle Age the idea of critical thinking was given a tangible of not only the potential power of reasoning but of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and cross examined. In Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries) the development of critical thought was based on the doctrine of Systematic doubt. it is also said that every part of thinking should be questioned, doubted and tested. In 16th and 17th century everything was explained by evidence and reasoning. This age also laid the theoretical foundation for critical thinking about basic human rights and the responsibilities of all goverments to submit to the reasoned criticism of thoughtful citizens. In 18th century french thinkers began with premise that the human mind, when disciplined by reason. According to Piaget, we have to increase our awareness of the egocentric and sociocentric tendencies of human thought which is able to reason within multiple standpoints, and to be raised to the level of "conscious realization".
Thus, the devices of critical thinkers is widely develop through the history of critical thought.
What is thinking?
The process of thinking is difficult to define. No one can figure out how one can think and learn. basically a person's ideas or opinions come under thinking. Dewey's(1933):
"Thinking as a stream of consciousness and the every day uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads, including dreaming and daydreams."
Different Perspectives of thinking:
Psychological Perspectives- psychologists study thinking in other people, a third person perspective in which the metaphor of the brain as a computer has been dominant. it is noticed that while thinking we are not aware of the thinking process.
Sociological Perspectives- Thinking process always takes place under the influence of social surroundings it may be direct or indirect.
Philosophical Perspectives- In this the main focus is on the aspects of thinking and learning. Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in term of learning to know or the development of knowledge.
Foundation for critical thinking:
We now recognize that critical thinking, by its very nature, requires, for example, the recognition that all reasoning occurs within point of view and frames of reference; that all reasoning proceeds from some goals and objectives, has an information al base; that all data when used in reasoning must be interpreted, that interpretation involves concepts; that concepts entail assumptions, and that all basic inferences in thought have implications. The result of the collective contribution of the history of critical thought is that the basic questions of Socrates can now be much more powerfully and focally framed and used. Independent of the subject studied, students need to be able to articulate thinking about thinking that reflects basic command of the intellectual dimensions of thought. Independent of the subject students need to be able to articulate thinking about thinking that reflects basic command of the intellectual dimensions of thought. With intellectual language such as this in the foreground, students can now be taught at least minimal critical thinking moves within any subject field. What is more, there is no reason in principle that students cannot take the basic tools of critical thought which they learn in one domain of study and extended it to all the other domains and subjects which they study. As a result of the fact that students can learn these generalizable critical thinking moves they need not be taught history simply as a body of facts to memorize; they can now be taught history as historical reasoning. Classes can be designed so that students learn to think historically and develop skills and abilities essential to historical thought.
What is thinking?
This article is based on thinking.We can choose to focus on measurable aspects of human behavior rather than on livedexperience.” Thinking as a stream of consciousness and the everyday uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads including dreaming and daydreams.” The evolution of culture, art literature, science and technologhy are all result of thinking.
Hello Sunil Sir, Anna Madam and my Dear Friends,
I'm equally happy and grateful to sir & madam for giving us the opportunity to introduce ourselves through this unacquainted medium and get ourselves acquainted with our peer groups.
This is Bidyarani Gurumayum from a state of northeast India - a place where the game of Polo has originated, a place which occupies the largest fresh water lake in north east India, a place where the only terrestrial lily “Siroy Lily” is grown, a place where the only floating national park of the world is found, yet least touched and least discovered elevated region inhabitat by ethnic groups of chinky – eyed folk sometime misidentify as the national of China, Japan, Bangkok,Nepal and the like. Yes my native is Imphal, a capital city of Manipur State. My hobby is scketching (using pencil/ pen).
My educational background :
Uttered my Under Graduate Degree Programme from Maharaja Sayajirao University ,Baroda. Then I switched on to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand and pursued both my Post Graduate and B.Ed(Eng.) Degree Programmes from the H.M.Patel Institute of English Training & Research. Currently I am a post graduate student of ELT.
My views & expectation:
Sir frequently mentions in his class that “Critical Thinking” always associates with our cognitive process. Therefore it won’t be wrong to say that it is the ability to analyse information and experience in an objective manner. This online course “critical thinking for language studies“will definitely help us to recognize and assess the factors that influences our attitude and behaviour such as values, peer interactions and the like. I personally felt this course will guide us how to generate new ideas, how to shift our perspective, how to conceive something new and how to build on others idea. This course will surely lead us not only how to think critically but creatively as well. By the end of this course I firmly believe that it will make us a self-reliant writer with good academic writing skills. I am glad to have it and looking forward to this new shift.
With warm wishes,
Bidya Gurumayum
What is Critical Thinking?
Introduction:
Humans think. You know this. Everyone, whether they seem to or not,
thinks. You are thinking at this moment as you read these words. You
might be thinking about where the person writing these words (me,
the author) is going with this topic on thinking.
Brief history of critical thinking
Critical thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a good memory and who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself.
Hobbes and Locke in 16th and 17th Century England displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Neither accepted the traditional picture of things dominant in the thinking of their day. Students learn to think economically, geographically, biologically, chemically. Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills without acceptance of their results. Critical thinking is that mode of thinking - about any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.
What is thinking?
Summary:-2
Generally the meaning of thinking is judgment, intelligent and process. The process of using one's mind to consider or reason about something. Thinking is, most simplify, where an individual, start a process that something modifies or strengthens their world view beliefs, opinions, attitudes, behaviors. Simply the thinking means trying to understand how people think and learn is in some ways an impossible challenge. Some of the different sense in which term 'thinking' is used.
• Dewey's (1933) classic introduction to "How We Think" different senses of 'Thinking' and 'Reflective thinking'.
Thinking is a Stream of consciousness.
Thinking is an imagination or mindfulness.
Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statements.
Reflective thinking as a chain of thought leading, through enquiry, to a conclusion. Reflecting thinking is the basis of both rationality and action.
Thinking as “a stream of consciousness" is the popular product of the 20th century. The phrase of “stream of consciousness" was first used by William James in his book 'principle of psychology'.
Sometimes thinking as an Imagination or mindfulness. The most important goal of education. In educational reference, thinking is a goal-directed process that involves remembering, forming concepts, and reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments and generating new perspectives. When we want to achieve something but we get fuss whether we will be able to achieve it or not, thinking becomes much more important at that time.
• There are three way strategies of thinking as:
(1) Psychological Perspectives:-
In psychological perspectives the pioneering works of Bloom and associates, psychologists and educational list of cognitive processes as a improving teaching, learning and assessment.
Ex.:- Bergson's theory of Time and Probing of human consciousness.
Among the psychologists, Bergson's theory of time has been reaching significance in this connection. He divided into the Time:
- "Inner time" or "psychological time"
- "clock time" or "mechanical time"
- "Inner time"
And division into the past, present and future as artificial and mechanical. The past lives on in the present (future as artificial and mechanical), The past lives on in the present (In memory and its consequences).
Interest in cognitive enhancement has become a worldwide phenomenon. South Africa sees the teaching of thinking as a valuable means of raising educational levels and developing social inclusion. China and Singapore believe that such approaches may address students’ limited creative and problem solving abilities in order to develop better productivity in the global economy.
(2) Sociological Perspectives:-
Sociological Perspectives say, thinking always takes place in a context that has social influence and interaction and the individual's thinking. The several of different contexts may be benefit to learners.
(3) Philosophical Perspectives:-
Philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning. Particularly aspects of epistemology, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language and related theory meaning. The way we think, know and learn. Educational philosophy general aspects of thinking are identified in different contexts.
History of critical thinking :-
critical thinking is not a new concept to the academia. It is very ancient and rich concept. Socrates was the person who established the importance of asking deep questions. He set out the method for questioning which is now known as "Socratic Questioning". Socrates’ practice was followed by the critical thinking of Plato. Frm the ancient period to the modern age the concept of critical thinking is being emphasized and carry forwarded by so many scholars like Thomas
Aquinas (Sumna Theologica) in middle age, Francis Bacon, Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England)
Sumner recognized the deep need for critical thinking in life and in education:
“Criticism is the examination and test of propositions of any kind which are
offered for acceptance, in order to find out whether they correspond to
reality or not…”
The critical thinking :-
Thinking is dealing with cognitive skill, which is dealing with mind. According to Dewey’s (1933)Thinking as a “stream of consciousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams. Further more he gives some ideas on Reflective thinking that it is a chain of thoughts, leading through the enquiry. Critical thinking is that mode of thinking - about any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. Learners should be taught to think critically by their teachers in their school days. In some, the role of the teacher is to ensure more effective planning, delivery or assessment of the curriculum, but without the explicit and active engagement of the learner. There are three perspectives of critical thinking they are as under.
1) Psychological perspectives
2) Sociological perspectives
3) Philosophical perspectives
Various reasons have been adduced, such as relatively poor performance on international comparisons of educational attainment and a recognition that mature economies require more sophisticated learners and problem-solvers. This has led to a search for new curricula and pedagogies that will stimulate more productive thinking. Critical thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking.
Summary of Article 1:
The present article is about critical thinking, its foundation and also about what various critics have said about critical thinking.
Socrates discovered the method of probing. The roots of critical thinking are ancient. According to Socrates, people cannot make any justifications for the claim that they make because they lack critical thinking and logical assumptions. Though the person is of high status and powerful, he has no any reasoning. So, in his method of questioning, he puts more emphasis on clarity of thinking and logical consistency. Aristotle and other Greek skeptics emphasized that things are very different from what they appear to be and this difference can be clearly distinguished only by the person who thinks critically. The Middle Age scholar, Thomas Aquinas also points out that critical thinkers do not always reject established beliefs but only those beliefs that lack adequate reasoning.
In England Hobbes and Locke who belonged to 16th and 17th century advocated the importance of critical thinking saying that it opens learning to the new perspectives. Hobbes said that everything in the world should be explained with evidences whereas Locke advocated a common sense analysis of everyday life. The French Enlightenments Bayle, Voltaire and Diderot favored significance of reason saying that it strenghthens and determines the thought.
According to the common denominators, critical thinking naturally requires…
• Systematic monitoring of thoughts
• Recognition of data, interpretation, concepts and basic inferences
The fundamental elements of critical thinking are thought and reasoning. If students have clarity in thought and consistency in logic, they can be taught critical thinking moves in any subject. They do not need to be taught a particular subject simply but it should have a touch of reasoning. Classes can be organized in a way that students learn to think with reference to subject and develop skills and abilities.
Summary of Article 2:
When we fail to understand why some people behave in strange way or why do they think in some other way, we have to focus on certain aspects of that behavior or that thinking. Basically, the present article reflects what the thinking is, distinguishing points between thinking and reflective thinking, role of both the teacher and the learner and various aspects of thinking.
Dewey ( 1933 ), in his book “ How We Think “, has given overviews of different senses in which the term thinking is used. Some of them are as follow:
• Thinking as a stream of consciousness
• Thinking as an imagination which is restricted to the things which we do not perceive directly
• Reflective thinking as a chain of thought leading, through enquiry to a conclusion.
Dewey attempts to define and recommend reflective thinking as the basis of both rationality and action.
In educational reference, thinking is a goal-directed process that involves remembering, forming concepts, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments and generating new perspectives. When we want to achieve something but we get fuss whether we will be able to achieve it or not, thinking becomes much more important at that time.
According to Dewey, reflective thinking enables us to take control of and responsibility for our own thinking in order to be an effective participant of democratic society. But the only contradiction is that the teacher has to develop reflective thinking for various frameworks for thinking. S/he has to ensure more effective planning and assessment of the curriculum without engaging learners actively. In this assessment or delivery of curriculum, learners are in center place. For thinking, meta-cognition is essential because unless and until we do not recognize the things, we cannot think. Flavell ( 1976 ) points out that meat-cogniton is one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them…
Three perspectives of Thinking are as follow:
• Psychological Perspectives
• Sociological Perspectives
• Philosophical Perspectives
Psychological Perspectives include prime work of Bloom and his associates. The work was about cognitive process as a means of teaching, learning and assessment. But it was only during the past decade that the huge interest in the teaching of thinking has seen such work growing rapidly in everyday education practices. Interest in cognitive enhancement has become a worldwide phenomenon. South Africa sees the teaching of thinking as a valuable means of raising educational levels and developing social inclusion. China and Singapore believe that such approaches may address students’ limited creative and problem solving abilities in order to develop better productivity in the global economy. Cognitive psychologist Thegard draws an analogy between mind and computer program where the mental representations in the mind are like the organization of the stored data and the algorithms that are then executed by the software correspond to the thinking procedures in the mind. When we are thinking, we are not aware of the thinking process itself.
Sociological Perspectives say, thinking takes place in a context that has social influence and interaction.
Philosophical Perspectives talks about issues that have become a bearing aspects of thinking and learning. Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know. Contemporary educational philosophy general aspects of thinking are identified in different contexts. Ennis argued that thinking can be applied across different contexts whereas Mcpeck argued that thinking is always context specific.
Foundation for critical thinking
This article is about foundation for critical thinking. This article is written by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, exemplify the philosophical approach critical thinking is the disciplined art of ensuring that you use the best thinking you are capable of in any set of circumstances. Critical thinking is also the foundation for effective written communications there are two tasks that must be effectively navigated in order to write “good” critical thinking on Socrates says,
“ A prolonged series of questions and answers which refutes a moral assertion by leading an opponent to draw a conclusion the contradicts his own viewpoint.”
This article is on the common denominators of critical thinking are the most important by product of the history of critical thinking. Critical thinking as a result of the fact that students can learn these generalizable critical thinking history simply as a body of facts to memorize they can now be taught history as historical reasoning. This article is on foundation for critical thinking. We are very far from this idea state of affairs.
What is thinking?
This article is main based on thinking. This article is introduced about the evolution of culture, art, literature; science and technology are all result of thinking. Thinking is particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean got directed process. When there is some uncertainty that a satisfactory end is achievable it is useful to think. Thinking is three types of perspectives, (1) Psychological perspectives(2) Sociological perspectives (3) Philosophical perspectives.(1) Psychological perspectives in this article since the pioneering work of Bloom and his associates, psychologists and educationalists have sought to conceptualize a multitude of cognitive processes as a means of improving teaching learning and assessment however interest in cognitive enhancement has interest in cognitive enhancement has become a worldwide phenomenon. This argument applies just as much to the development of thinking skills as to any kind of learning. (2) Sociological perspectives: - This article is thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions. Awareness of aspects of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners. (3) Philosophical perspectives: - Philosophical perspective is a number of philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning. Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge a genetic perspective.
Assignment 2
What is Critical thinking? Foundation of critical thinking
Critical Thinking was used from Ancient time and it was also used as etymology, traceable, ultimately to the teaching practice. The great thinker Socrates, he was known as he argued that modern science with his emphasis on the information gathering processes and that help them to know what is misleading. He called attention to.
In the “Rules for the Direction or the mind” Descastes argued for the discipline to systematic thinking. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt. Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique. Renaissance and post-Renaissance scholars opened the way for the emergence of science and for the development of democracy, human rights, and freedom for thought. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. He laid the theoretical foundation for critical thinking about basic human rights and the responsibilities of all governments.
Eighteenth Century thinkers Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. In the same year, applied to the traditional concept of loyalty to the king, it produced the Declaration of Independence. Applied to reason itself, it produced Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. In the 19th Century, applied to the problems of capitalism, Karl Marx. Applied to the history of human culture and the basis of biological life, Darwin’s Descent of Man. Applied to the unconscious mind, in the 20th Century, William Graham Sumner published a land-breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology, School education, unless it is regulated by the best knowledge and good sense. John Dewey agreed that we have increased our sense of the pragmatic basis of human thought and especially its grounding in actual human purposes, goals, and objectives. We need to analyze concepts and assess their power and limitations.
Psychological perspectives
Sociological perspectives
Philosophical perspectives
Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge. Ennis (1989, 1991) argue that there are important general thinking skills (or general critical thinking skills) than can be used or applied across different contexts. On the other, those like McPeck (1981) argue that thinking is always context specific.
Summary of Critical Thinking
What is thinking? I believe that thinking is, at its most simplistic, where an individual, in reaction to a range of stimuli, starts a process that modifies or strengthens their world view, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, and behaviors. Psychological perspectives:- Sociological Perspectives: philosophical perspectives:- What is Critical Thinking? Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplines, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information gathered from, or generated by , observation , experience , reflection , reasoning , or communication , as a guide to belief and action. Critical thinking can be traced back to Socrates.
Foundation for critical thinking:- Socrates established the importance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well. In the Renaissance [15th and 16th centuries] , a food of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion , art , society , human nature , law and freedom. Among these scholars were Colet , Erasmus , and Moore in England.Francis Bacon, in England, was explicitly concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge. In his book The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. Hobbes and Locke (In 16th and 17th century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. The spirit of intellectual freedom and critical thought that people such as Robert Boyle (in the 17th century) and sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th and 18th century)did their work. Another significant contribution to critical thinking was made by the thinkers of the French Enlightenment: Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot. In 18th century Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam smith’s Wealth of Nations. In 19th century Applied to the history of human culture and the basis of biological life , it led to Darwin’s Descent of Man and unconscious mind, it is reflected in the works of Sigmund Freud. In 20th century, our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations. In sum up, critical thinking promotes clarity, accuracy, precision , consistency, relevance , sound evidence , good reason , depth , breadth and fairness. e.g Socratic thinking. it also develops “critical consumers”. Reveals facets of a arguments and problems from which students can learn and expand their awareness of the world. critical thinking provide depth or complexity in learning opportunities.
1. the Information about critical thinking:-
First of all, thinking means ‘To judge’ or ‘To evaluate’ something. Critical thinking means how to think critically? This term is specially used in many perspectives like educational, sociological and philosophical perspectives Socrates 2500 years ago defined that people could not evaluate their confident claims to knowledge with the help of questioning method. He demonstrated the people may have high position, seeking evidence. Closely reasoning and assumptioning. Descartes wrote what might be called the situation in critical thinking and he also talked about clarity and regulations for the direction of the mind. Italian Renaissance, Machiavelli’s ‘The Prince’ critically defined the political condition of the day 19th century is related with human social life by Comte and Spencer. It is also defined the anthropological study focuses of symbols and human life. The 20th century depicted that power and nature of critical thinking emerged form of consistence of human life. In 1906, William Graham said that the study of sociology is very important. Lastly, the tools of critical thinking have been emerged in virtue of history of critical thought. There are some points related with human quality, which can be given below.
Part-2
1. The status and wording of questions .Or the sources of information and fact. Or the mode of judgment and reasoning.
1. Thinking is such a process in which the people can think about particular subject like educational, sociological, philosophical subject. Dewey (1933) depicts that there are some approach related to ‘How We Think’, which can be given below. Thinking as a “stream of consciousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams. Dewey defined that reflective thinking as the basis of both rationality and action. Reflective thinking as a chain of thought leading, through inquiry, to a conclusion. Thinking is a goal –oriented process, such as remembering, reasoning, solving problems, making decisions and judgments and generating new perspectives. According to Dewey’s opinion, the emergence of reflective thought is the most important goal of education and enables the individual to take control of and responsibility for their personal thinking in order to participate effectively as a member of a democratic society. In educational aspect, cognition and metacognition both the terms are very essential. Cognition means the thinking process of our intellectual sense. Metacognition means to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them. There are three perspectives, in which we defined the term thinking. 1. Psychological perspectives. 2. Sociological perspectives. 3. Philosophical perspectives. To sum up, the resources of the critical thinker have been increased in virtue of history of critical thought. Human nature, feelings and thought are very important in critical thinking and language studies.
Meaning of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is analytical thinking. A person who thinks critically can ask appropriate questions, gather relevant information, efficiently and creatively sort through this information, reasoning, logically
What we can say is our thinking power ability. Particularly in education contexts, is usually used to mean goal-directed process. When there is some uncertainly than a satisfactory end is achievable, it is useful to think. Dewey’s view, the development of reflective thought is the most important goal of education. To thinking them is the teacher’s role to develop this thinking. The role of the leaner is acknowledged as central to this task.
Psychological perspectives
Psychologists and educationalist said that cognitive processes as a means of improving teaching, learning and assessment.
Sociological perspectives
In sociological perspectives thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions.
Foundation of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking was used from Ancient time. It was intellectual roots for etymology, ultimately to the teaching practice. Socrates discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not justify their confident claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. He established the importance of seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well. His method of questioning is now known as “Socratic Questioning” and is the best know critical thinking teaching strategy.
In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas who to ensure his thinking met the test of critical thought, always systematically stated, considered, and answered all criticisms of his ideas as a necessary stage in developing them. Aquinas’ thinking also illustrates that those who think critically do not always reject established beliefs, only those beliefs that lack reasonable foundations.
In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), In Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. Francis Bacon, in England, was explicitly concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge. In his book The Advancement of Learning, he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. He laid the foundation for modern science with his emphasis on the information-gathering processes.
Questioning that focuses on these fundamentals of thought and reasoning are now baseline in critical thinking. It is beyond question that intellectual errors or mistakes can occur in any of these dimensions, and that students need to be fluent in talking about these structures and standards. As a result of the fact that students can learn these generalize critical thinking moves, they need not be taught history simply as a body of facts to memorize; they can now be taught history as historical reasoning.
Assignment 2
FOUNDATION FOR CRITICAL THINKING
In the foundation critical thinking is ancient. It is etymology, traceable, ultimately in Socrates 2500 years ago he discovered by method of probing questions that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge Socrates realise one cannot depend upon those in “authority,” to have sound knowledge and insight
Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or down-right prejudiced. Yet the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make, or build depends precisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated.
It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question-at-issue; assumptions; concepts; empirical grounding; reasoning leading to conclusions; implications and consequences; objections from alternative viewpoints; and frame of reference. Critical thinking — in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes — is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking.
Critical thinking can be seen as having two components: 1) a set of information and belief generating and processing skills, and 2) the habit, based on intellectual commitment, of using those skills to guide behavior. It is thus to be contrasted with: 1) the mere acquisition and retention of information alone, because it involves a particular way in which information is sought and treated; 2) the mere possession of a set of skills, because it involves the continual use of them; and 3) the mere use of those skills ("as an exercise") without acceptance of their results.
As such it is typically intellectually flawed, however pragmatically successful it might be. When grounded in fairmindedness and intellectual integrity, it is typically of a higher order intellectually, though subject to the charge of "idealism" by those habituated to its selfish use.
Critical thinking of any kind is never universal in any individual; everyone is subject to episodes of undisciplined or irrational thought. Its quality is therefore typically a matter of degree and dependent on , among other things, the quality and depth of experience in a given domain of thinking or with respect to a particular class of questions. No one is a critical thinker through-and-through, but only to such-and-such a degree, with such-and-such insights and blind spots, subject to such-and-such tendencies towards self-delusion. For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a life-long endeavor.
Summary of the Idea of Critical Thinking
Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation of information. Generally thinking is a stream of consciousness, imagination or a chain of thoughts. In Educational contexts, it is usually used to mean goal directed process, such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining situations etc. There are three perspective of metacognition.
A. Psychological perspectives
B. Sociological perspectives
C. Philosophical perspectives
Critical thinking is that mode of thinking about any subject, content or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating information gather from or generated by observation, experience reflection, reasoning or communication as guide to belief and action.
Critical thinking can be seen as two components:
1. A set of information and belief generating and processing skills.
2. The habit based on intellectual commitment.
Criticism is the examination and test of propositions of any kind which are offered for acceptance in order to find out whether they correspond to reality or not. The critical faculty is a product of education and training. It is a mental habit and power. It is a prime condition of human welfare that men and women should be trained in it. It is our only guaranty against delusion, deception, superstition and misapprehension of us and our earthly circumstances. Education is good just so far as it produces well developed critical faculty.
Critical thinking is in short self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes, assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mind full command of their use. It entails effective communications and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and social centrism.
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My name is Nilesh Parmar . I am from Vidyanagar I have completed my graduation from Bhikhabhai Patel Arts college and at present I am persuing my M.A (ELT) from H.M.Patel Institute of English Training and research center.My hobby play cricket , lesting to music and watching movies . My festival is navratri because I love playing garaba.
What is Critical Thinking?
The Critical thinking is established the fact situation but they cannot depend upon those authority to have own sound knowledge and insight. Socrates established to improve the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief.
Socrates take some importance of seeking evidence, closely examining responding and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is done as well. And Socrates method of questing is known as “Socratic Questioning”.
ARTICLE 1
In article 1, we can see the history of critical thinking. Socrates established the fact that one can not depend on authority but he focused on deep questioning on the belief. it is known as "socratic questioning".In the middle ages traditional thinking embodied in writing and teaching. he focus on cross examined.In the Renaissance, thinking criticaly about religion, art, societyu etc. Bacon in THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING, argued for the importance of studing the world empirically.In the 16th and 17th century, Machiavelli critically assesed the politics of the time. The thinkers of England neither accepted as necessarily rational that which was considered "normal" in their culture.In 17th and 18th century, they focused on evidence gathered and sound reasoning.in the 19th century critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human social life.In 20th century, critical thinking thoughts shaped into explicit formulation.
ARTICLE 2
In this article we may see the definition of thinking and perspectives of thinking. One of the definition of thinking by Dewey's is
* Reflective thinking as a chain thought leading through enquiry to a conclusion this of course is dewey's aim in defining and recommending reflective thinking as the basis of both rationality and action.
Three perspectives are,
* Psychological Perspective
*Phiosophical Perspective
* Sociological Perspective.
A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.
A word ‘’critical thinking”stnds for judge or to evaluate something, to think critically means to think impartially and to respond. Socrates established the fact that one cannot depend upon those in "authority" to have sound knowledge and insight. His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. However comfortable or comforting they may be — lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant our belief. In the Middle Ages, the tradition of systematic critical thinking was embodied in the writings and teachings of such thinkers as Thomas. Aquinas’ thinking also illustrates that those who think critically do not always reject established beliefs, only those beliefs that lack reasonable foundations. In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. Francis Bacon, in England, recognized explicitly that the mind cannot safely be left to its natural tendencies. In his book The Advancement of Learnin.
Francis Bacons (in England) is known as one of the best essay writer who wrote the first book of critical thinking “The Advancement of Learning”. He argued to the favor of importance of studying the world impartially. Some fifty years later in France, Descartes wrote the second text in critical thinking, “Rules for the Direction of the Mind”. In it, Descartes argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. In the same period, Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia.
Article:1
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. Critical thinking is a one type of process that leads to skills that can be learned, mastered and used. Socrates’ discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. In France, Descartes wrote a book ‘Rules for the Direction of the Mind’ which is argued for the need for a special systematic disciplining of the mind to guide it in thinking. He articulated and defended the need in thinking for clarity and precision. He developed a method of critical thought based on the principle of systematic doubt. He emphasized the need to base thinking on well-thought through foundational assumptions.
What is critical Thinking ?
The Critical thinking is established the fact situation but they cannot depend upon those authority to have own sound knowledge and insight. Socrates established to improve the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief.
Socrates take some importance of seeking evidence, closely examining responding and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is done as well. And Socrates method of questing is known as “Socratic Questioning”.
Socrates did not believe on authority and he empasize on deep question asking before reach on the belief.he emphasized on the seeking evidence and reasoning. In the middle ages thinkers ensure their thinking met the crictical thought.In the Reinassance, they think crictally about religion, art , society , human nature, law etc.
BACON, in his boook THE ADVANCEMENT of learning most people develop bad habits of thought that lead them to believe what is false or misleading.
IN 17th century, they extended the critical thiught.
IN 18th century, the critical thought extended to its tools.
IN 19th century, the thought was extended to social human life.
IN 20th century, the critical thought become shaped into more explicit form.
In artical 2:-
We may find the concept of critical thinking:
(DEWEY) 1993 , classic introduction to how we think of one of the term is below:-
>"Thinking as an imagination or mindfulness which usually restricted to things not directly percieved since we tend to say I saw a tree rather than I thought I saw a true If we are actually standing with our eyes open in front of one.
>Thinking as an imagination then we may find the three perspectives of thinking.
1)psychological
2)philosophical
3)sociological
Critical thinking is important process. Socrates talked about critical thinking in 2500 years ago. He discovered method of probing questioning that could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge. He believed that person may have power and high position and yet be deeply confused and irrational. From the ancient time critical thinking is more important to seeking evidence, examining, reasoning and assumption. Plato, Aristotle and other also talk about critical thinking. They all emphasized on the things are appear. They believe that people that people need to understand the deeper realities think systematically that all process can take us beyond the surface. Thomas Aquians ensure very important about critical thinking that it is not only heightened our awareness of the potential power of reasoning but also of need for reasoning to be systematically. In Europe people take it seriously and think critically about many things like art, society etc. Other scholars like Colet, Erasmus and Moor followed up on the insight of the ancients.
Francis bacon clearly concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge he talk about in his book the advantages of learning students should be think and studying empirically he also emphasis on gathering information processes.
Try to understand people psychologically look for patterns and realities between situations. Dewey’s talked about different thinking is used in different sense. Thinking as a stream of consciousness, imagination or mindfulness thinking as synonymous, with philosophy and sociology of education have wrestled with the problems indoctrination and empowerment.
Psychological and educationalists have sought to conceptualize a multitude of cognitive processes as a means of improving teaching, learning and assessment.Sociological perspective, thinking takes place in social context for understanding culture and other thing. Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the development of knowledge a genetic perspectives.
What is thinking?
Thinking is used to mean goal directed process such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining, situations, solving problems, making decision, and generating new perspectives.
According to John Dewy pragmatic and reflective thought is important goal of education.
• Psychological perspectives
Cognitive thinking, which was develop by Bloom, is essential for improving teaching learning and assessment thinking is an internal mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation of information.
• Sociologicalperspective
Thinking always takes place in a context which has social influences and interactions whether direct or indirect and the individual’s thinking is affected by the various affordances and constraints of different context.
• Philosophical perspective
The philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and related theories of meaning are relevant to an understanding of the way we think, know and learn.
Ennis argues that there are important general skills that can be used or applied across different contexts.
Foundation for Critical Thinking:-
We may have knowledge and we should be clear of what we think ,Asking deep questions is good way before capturing some knowledge.Socrates highlighted the need in thinking for clarity and logical consistency .One should carefully distinguishing that are reasonable and logical from those which lack adequate evidence. According to ancient critic things are different from what they appear and only deep thinker can understand the things properly.Thinking is comprehensive ,well reasoned and deep thinking is necessary. Systematical critical thinking made Thomas Aquinas confident enough to develop political power.Critical thinkers do not reject factual things and do not reject established beliefs. In the Renaissance ,scholars like Colet,Erasmus started critically about religion,art,society,human nature,law and freedom..According to Utopia scholars opened way for the emergence of science for developing democracy,human rights,freedom for thought.Hobbes adopted naturalistic view of the world in which evidence and reasoning are very important. According to French thinker Bayle,Voltaire and Diderot human mind is better able to figure out the nature of the social and political world.
In the 18th century thinker like Adam Smith developed power of critical thought. In the 19th century thinker like Comte and Spencer suggest that critical thinking helps to develop for social and economical problems. Sigmund Freud also trained mind psychological thinking and unconscious mind in the 20th century William Graham published a land breaking study of the foundations. John dewy also developed pragmatic Piaget increased awareness of the egocentric, sociocentric, tendencies of human thought.
• The common denominators of critical thinking:- critical thinking requires systematic monitoring of thought and thinking must be analysed assessed for its clarity and accuracy relevance and coherence. Students need to be taught history simply as a body of facts to memories. Maths can be taught so that mathematic reasoning can be developed.
Chandani Jaiswal
Roll No.-12
M.A (E.L.T) sem.4
Article 1:-A Brief History of the Idea of Critical Thinking.
The teaching practice and vision of Socrates 2,500 years ago who discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge.Socrates established the fact that one cannot depend upon those in "authority" to have sound knowledge and insight.He established the importance of asking deep questions that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief.Socrates set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking, namely, to reflectively question common beliefs and explanations.
In the Middle Ages, the tradition of systematic critical thinking was embodied in the writings and teachings of such thinkers as Thomas Aquinas who to ensure his thinking met the test of critical thought, always systematically stated, considered, and answered all criticisms of his ideas as a necessary stage in developing them.In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society,human nature, law, and freedom.
Francis Bacon,In his book "The Advancement of Learning", he argued for the importance of studying the world empirically.explicitly concerned with the way we misuse our minds in seeking knowledge.Fifty years later in France Descartes wrote second text in critical thinking, "Rules For the Direction of the Mind".Sir Thomas Moore developed a model of a new social order, Utopia, in which every domain of the present world was subject to critique.Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century) displayed the critical mind of the thinker Neither accepted the traditional picture of things dominant in the thinking of their day.
Eighteenth Century thinkers developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools. Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam Smith’s "Wealth of Nations". In the same year, applied to the traditional concept of loyalty to the king, it produced the Declaration of Independence. Applied to reason itself, it produced Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason.In the 19th Century, critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human social life by Comte and Spencer.problems of capitalism the searching social and economic critique of Karl Marx.the history of human culture and the basis of biological lifeDarwin’s Descent of Man.In the 20th Century, our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinkinghas emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations.
Article 2 : "What is thinking?"
Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used:
* Thinking as a “stream of consciousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams
*Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statements such as “I think it is going to rain tomorrow”: in this sense it is contrasted with knowledge and the level of confidence with which we express such a belief.
we can say is that the word “thinking,” particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean goal-directed
process, such as remembering, forming concepts, planning what to do and say, imagining situations, reasoning, solving problems, considering opinions, making decisions and judgments, and generating new perspectives. When there is some uncertainty that a satisfactory end is achievable, it is useful to think.
Based upon theories of selfregulation,emphasize the importance of helping students to develop a positive orientation
to learning and a belief that they are capable of succeeding if they work hard and apply appropriate strategies.
1 Psychological perspectives
2 Sociological perspectives
3 Philosophical perspectives
Cruticle thinking is mental process for finding some reason or anlizing something. "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully concptualizing, applying,analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating, information gatherd by,observation, experience,reflection,reasoning,or communication,as a guide to belief and action."- By The National Counil for Excellence in Critical Thinking, 1987. As we know, Socrates established the importance of seeking evidence,closely examining reasonong and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well.
Dewey's (1933) classic introduction to " How We Think" offers an overview of some of the diffrent senses in which the term thinking is used:he says thinking as a "stream of consciusness" and the everyday "unconrolled coursing of ideas through our heads."He also says that thinking as synonymous with beliving expressed in statements such as "I think it is going to rain tomorrow" : In this sense it is contrasted with knowledge and the level of confidence with which we express such a belief.
Psychological prespectives
Cognitive thinking,develop by Bloom, is essential for improving teaching learning and assessment thinking is an internal mental process that constructs and operates on mental representation of information.
Sociologycal prespectives
Individual thinking, direct and indirect interaction is affected by the varios affordance and consraints of diffrent contex.(Jarvis,1992)
Philosophical prespectives
Educational philosophy has tended to view these issues in terms of learning to know or the devlopment of knowledge: a genetic prespectives.McPeck(1981) argue that thinking is always context specific.
Thinking is a super cognitive process of “super conscious” mind. Some people believe that critical thinking hinders creativity because it requires following the rules of logic and rationality, but creativity might require breaking rules. This is a misconception. Critical thinking is quite compatible with thinking "out-of-the-box", challenging consensus and purusing less popular approaches. If anything, critical thinking is an essential part of creativity because we need critical thinking to evaluate and improve our creative ideas.
CONCEPT OF CRITICAL THINKING:-
A person who thinks critically can ask appropriate questions, gather relevant information, efficiently and creatively sort through this information, reason logically from this information, and come to reliable and trustworthy conclusions about the world that enable one to live and act successfully in it.
HOW CRITICAL THINKING HELPFUL ?
1. It helps you to solve problems.
2. It helps you to make better decisions.
3. It helps you to understand the world better by coming to more accurate beliefs.
4. It helps protect against our vulnerability as citizens from the so-called experts, who try to sway our opinions to satisfy their interests at the expense of ours.
this two article gives us a brief history of the idea of critical thinking and how it came exist. there are two types of thinker or learner one is reading like skimming or as a to find information or surface meaning or the other type is find a deep meaning or thinking of concept.
Nilesh Parmar
In Article 1, We can see the history of critical thinking. Socrates established the fact that one cannot depend on authority but he focused on deep questioning on the belief. It is known as "Socratic questioning”. In the middle ages traditional thinking embodied in writing and teaching. He focuses on cross examined. In the Renaissance, thinking critically about religion, art, society etc. Bacon in THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING, argued for the importance of studying the world empirically. In the 16th and 17th century, Machiavelli critically assessed the politics of the time. The thinkers of England neither accepted as necessarily rational that which was considered "normal" in their culture. In 17th and 18th century, they focused on evidence gathered and sound reasoning. in the 19th century critical thought was extended even further into the domain of human social life. In 20th century, critical thinking thoughts shaped into explicit formulation.
Socrates did not believe on authority and he emphasize on deep question asking before reach on the belief. He emphasized on the seeking evidence and reasoning. Socrates take some importance of seeking evidence, closely examining responding and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is done as well. And Socrates method of questing is known as “Socratic Questioning”. The middle aged thinkers like, Thomas Aquinas heightened our awareness not only of the potential power of reasoning but also of the need for reasoning to be systematically cultivated and “cross-examined.”
There are three strategies of thinking: - 1) Psychological perspectives 2) Sociological perspectives 3) Philosophical perspectives. In this, the higher levels of the brain make a model of the actual world, a mental picture that parallels the world, though no doubt wit distortions (Craik,1943;Zangwill,1980;Nathan, 1987).Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. A number of philosophical issues have a bearing upon the aspects of thinking and learning.
Article-1
The intellectuality and critical thinking are easily traced in the teaching of Socrates. As per Socrates people can not depend on traditional source of knowledge. To justify their rational thinking it is not necessary that persons with power and positions are rational. He suggested proper probing, seeking evidence, examining & reasoning and analyzing basic concept.
Socrates’ this concept known as Socratic questioning. By this method Socrates’ tried to focus on clarity and logical consistency in thoughts. By this method Socrates carefully tried to separate believe and explanations which are reasonable and logical from egocentric and inadequate. But this questioning or in other word by this methods, he tried to question or criticize common beliefs’ and explanation and tried to find logical and reasonable explanations, which are not necessary to be comfortable for common people….
Sir Thomas Moor developed a new social order where in critique and rational thinking can open the way for emergence of science and development of democracy. In Italy Machiavelli tried to lay the foundation for modern political thinking which actually expose the political scenario where in the real agendas of politicians and their contradictions. The intellectuality and critical thinking are easily traced in the teaching of Socrates. As per Socrates people can not depend on traditional source of knowledge. To justify their rational thinking it is not necessary that persons with power and positions are rational. He suggested proper probing, seeking evidence, examining & reasoning and analyzing basic concept.
Going ahead ,same method was implemented by Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek skeptics and by critical and rational thinking they found that things are not always like that appears ,and by that way they came to conclusion that systematically thinking, understanding realities and proper questioning are must to do to understand things and that can take them beyond the surface. During the middle ages the same method came into writing and teachings. Thomas Aquinas took this method one step ahead by involving “cross examination” . Aquinas t sympathized “ critical thinking” by stating that it is not always against establish and traditional believes. And then came the scholars of Europe who started critically think about Religion, Art , society ,Law and other aspects of human life. Colet, Erasmus and Mocre in England are some of these thinkers who noted that most of the aspects of human life were in need of critique and rational thinking.
Sir Thomas Moor developed a new social order where in critique and rational thinking can open the way for emergence of science and development of democracy. In Italy Machiavelli tried to lay the foundation for modern political thinking which actually expose the political scenario where in the real agendas of politicians and their contradictions.In the 19th Century, Karl Marx’s produced the searching social and economic critique and Sigmund Freud’s worked about unconscious mind. To sum up, the tools and resources of the critical thinker have been degree increased in virtue of the history of critical thought. Socrates gives more powerfully and focally framed and used in question. In every domain of human thought, every use of reasoning.
Article- 2 The word ‘ Thinking’ particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean goal- directed process, imagining situations, reasoning, solving problems, making decisions and judgments. Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. One is,
• Thinking as a “ stream of consciousness” and the everyday “ uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams (p.3)
The issue here is control. Both the Philosophy and Sociology of education have wrestled with the problems of indoctrination and empowerment. Second things are Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them. There are three perspectives described in this article. They are, Psychological Perspectives:- Sociological Perspectives:- Philosophical Perspectives:
Respected sir, and Anna ma'am.
I am Chandni Jani. I am from Baroda. I have completed my bachelors from Anand Arts college from S.P. University.I have completed my M.A (English Literature) in Anand Arts college from S.P. University and now i am pursuing my M.A (E.L.T) in H.M.Patel Institute Of English Training and Research Center, V.V Nagar. My hobbies are reading,listening to music and travelling.My academic interests are use of ICT in language teaching and also language and literature to teach ESL students
CRITICAL THINKING AND LANGUAGE LEARNING course encourage me to think critically
ARTICAL 1
The intellctual Roots of Critical Thinking are as Ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the teaching practice and vision of Socrates 2,500 Years ago who discovered by a method of probing questing that people could not rationally justify their confident claims to knowledge. The term ‘’critical thinking” means to judge or to evaluate something, to think critically means to think impartially and to respond. The roots of critical thinking are too much ancient. Anybody can’t depend upon others of having insight and sound knowledge. Socrates believed that persons may have power and high status; however, we can’t claim that of not being confused and rational. His method of questioning is known as “Socrates Questioning‘’ which is one of the best teaching strategy of critical thinking. We may have a question that what’s the need of questioning? It is for clarity and logical consistency. Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th and 18th Century) did their work.
Article 2
I found the concept of thinking and perspectives of thinking. Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. One of it is:
• Thinking as a “stream of consciousness” and the everyday “uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams (p. 3)
The role of the learner is acknowledged as central. Many classroom interventions emphasize the importance of helping students to develop a positive orientation to learning and a belief that they are capable of succeeding if they work hard and apply appropriate strategies. There are three perspectives of thinking:
Critical thinking ... the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself
The intellectual root of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the teaching practice of Socrates 2,500 years ago who discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confidence claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep question that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. His method is known as "Socratic Questioning" and the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics all of whom followed Socrates' practice by the critical thinking.
Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker the we find in Machiavelli. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th century) did their work. In his book " Sceptical Chymist", Boyle severely criticized the chemical theory that had preceded him.
In the 18th Century critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and its tools Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations".
In the 19th Century Comte and Spencer Applied to the problems of capitalism, it produced the searching social and economic critique of Karl Marx. Human culture and the basis of biological life, it led to Darwin's "Descent of Man".
In the 20th Century our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations. In 1906, William Graham Sumner published a land-breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology, "Folkways" .
WHAT IS THINKING?
Everyone thinks because it is a part of human nature. Thinking a one type of process of considering and reasoning about something.
According to Dewey's thinking as a "Stream of consciousness" and the everyday "uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads", including dreaming and daydreams.
Thinking as an imagination or mindfulness which is "usually restricted to things not directly perceived" since we tend to say "I saw a tree" rather than "I thought I saw a tree" if we are actually standing with our eyes open in front of one.
Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statement such as "I think it is going to rain tomorrow ": in this sense it is contrasted with knowledge and the level of confidence with which we expressed such a belief.
There are three types of strategies:
(1) Psychological perspective
(2) Sociological perspective
(3) Philosophical perspective
In this view, the higher levels of the brain make a model of the actual world, a mental picture that parallels the world, through no doubt with distortions(Craik, 1943; Zangwill, 1980; Nathan, 1987). Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. Thagars describes six approaches to modeling the mind, involving: logic, rules, concepts, analogies, images, and netural connections (Thagard, 1996, p. 19).
Awareness of aspects of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
On one side of the debate, proponents of thinking skills, such as Ennis (1989, 1991) argue that there are important general thinking skills than can be used or applied across different context. On the other, those like McPeck (1981) argues that thinking is always context specific.
Critical thinking ... the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself
The intellectual root of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the teaching practice of Socrates 2,500 years ago who discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confidence claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep question that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. His method is known as "Socratic Questioning" and the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics all of whom followed Socrates' practice by the critical thinking.
Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker the we find in Machiavelli. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th century) did their work. In his book " Sceptical Chymist", Boyle severely criticized the chemical theory that had preceded him.
In the 18th Century critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and its tools Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations".
In the 19th Century Comte and Spencer Applied to the problems of capitalism, it produced the searching social and economic critique of Karl Marx. Human culture and the basis of biological life, it led to Darwin's "Descent of Man".
In the 20th Century our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations. In 1906, William Graham Sumner published a land-breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology, "Folkways" .
WHAT IS THINKING?
Everyone thinks because it is a part of human nature. Thinking a one type of process of considering and reasoning about something.
According to Dewey's thinking as a "Stream of consciousness" and the everyday "uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads", including dreaming and daydreams.
Thinking as an imagination or mindfulness which is "usually restricted to things not directly perceived" since we tend to say "I saw a tree" rather than "I thought I saw a tree" if we are actually standing with our eyes open in front of one.
Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statement such as "I think it is going to rain tomorrow ": in this sense it is contrasted with knowledge and the level of confidence with which we expressed such a belief.
There are three types of strategies:
(1) Psychological perspective
(2) Sociological perspective
(3) Philosophical perspective
In this view, the higher levels of the brain make a model of the actual world, a mental picture that parallels the world, through no doubt with distortions(Craik, 1943; Zangwill, 1980; Nathan, 1987). Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. Thagars describes six approaches to modeling the mind, involving: logic, rules, concepts, analogies, images, and netural connections (Thagard, 1996, p. 19).
Awareness of aspects of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
On one side of the debate, proponents of thinking skills, such as Ennis (1989, 1991) argue that there are important general thinking skills than can be used or applied across different context. On the other, those like McPeck (1981) argues that thinking is always context specific.
Original Text: (Critical Thinking Development: A Stage Theory, Written by Linda Elder with Richard Paul)
The key intellectual trait required at this stage is some degree of intellectual humility in beginning to recognize the problems inherent in thinking. In addition, thinkers must have some degree of intellectual confidence in reason a trait which provides the impetus to take up the challenge and begin the process of active development as critical thinkers, despite limited understanding of what it means to do high quality reasoning.
Paraphrase:
In this article, Critical Thinking Development: A Stage Theory, Linda Elder with Richard discusses the critical thinking in six type of thinkers. All of them in one stage is Beginning thinker and as a beginning thinker’s intellectual trait critical thinking is good but they can’t “understand high Quality reasons.” “And Provides the impetus (a force that moves something along) to take up the challenge”
Personal response of this paragraph:
In this article, Beginning thinker have enough understanding for high thinking so, if he involved in critical thinking he think like very higher thinker or he has challenge all reason or always active think in critical thinking.
Critical thinking ... the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself
The intellectual root of critical thinking are as ancient as its etymology, traceable, ultimately, to the teaching practice of Socrates 2,500 years ago who discovered by a method of probing questioning that people could not rationally justify their confidence claims to knowledge. He established the importance of asking deep question that probe profoundly into thinking before we accept ideas as worthy of belief. His method is known as "Socratic Questioning" and the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek skeptics all of whom followed Socrates' practice by the critical thinking.
Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker the we find in Machiavelli. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th century) did their work. In his book " Sceptical Chymist", Boyle severely criticized the chemical theory that had preceded him.
In the 18th Century critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and its tools Applied to the problem of economics, it produced Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations".
In the 19th Century Comte and Spencer Applied to the problems of capitalism, it produced the searching social and economic critique of Karl Marx. Human culture and the basis of biological life, it led to Darwin's "Descent of Man".
In the 20th Century our understanding of the power and nature of critical thinking has emerged in increasingly more explicit formulations. In 1906, William Graham Sumner published a land-breaking study of the foundations of sociology and anthropology, "Folkways" .
WHAT IS THINKING?
Everyone thinks because it is a part of human nature. Thinking a one type of process of considering and reasoning about something.
According to Dewey's thinking as a "Stream of consciousness" and the everyday "uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads", including dreaming and daydreams.
Thinking as an imagination or mindfulness which is "usually restricted to things not directly perceived" since we tend to say "I saw a tree" rather than "I thought I saw a tree" if we are actually standing with our eyes open in front of one.
Thinking as synonymous with believing expressed in statement such as "I think it is going to rain tomorrow ": in this sense it is contrasted with knowledge and the level of confidence with which we expressed such a belief.
There are three types of strategies:
(1) Psychological perspective
(2) Sociological perspective
(3) Philosophical perspective
In this view, the higher levels of the brain make a model of the actual world, a mental picture that parallels the world, through no doubt with distortions(Craik, 1943; Zangwill, 1980; Nathan, 1987). Thinking is an internal, mental process that constructs and operates on mental representations of information. Thagars describes six approaches to modeling the mind, involving: logic, rules, concepts, analogies, images, and netural connections (Thagard, 1996, p. 19).
Awareness of aspects of thinking which can be applied in different contexts may be of benefit to learners who can see that aspects of their own experience may be relevant in a new situation.
On one side of the debate, proponents of thinking skills, such as Ennis (1989, 1991) argue that there are important general thinking skills than can be used or applied across different context. On the other, those like McPeck (1981) argues that thinking is always context specific.
Dear All
We are happy that you are reading and responding to the tasks. However some of you have not done the paraphrase properly. We will discuss the details in the class tomorrow. Tomorrow will be the last day for the posts related to week 2.
Hello friends my name is sanjay and I'm from V.V.Nagar. I have completed my B.A in Nalini college and B.ed in Sardar patel college of education at Bakrol, right now I'm studing in H.M.patel Institute of English Training & Research. My hobbies are playing cricket,dance,listening songs,watching T.V,watching movies in theater,learning something innovative,playing chess,travelling,reading story books and also news paper.
One most important thing about me is that,
"I can do whatever I want nothing is impossible for me"
I love my family and myself very much.
Article-1
Critical thinking is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, partially true, or false.
2,500 years ago, Socrates established the fact that one cannot depend upon those in "authority" to have sound knowledge and insight. His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic Questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. However comfortable or comforting they may be — lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant our belief. In the Middle Ages, the tradition of systematic critical thinking was embodied in the writings and teachings of such thinkers as Thomas. Aquinas’ thinking also illustrates that those who think critically do not always reject established beliefs, only those beliefs that lack reasonable foundations. In the Renaissance (15th and 16th Centuries), a flood of scholars in Europe began to think critically about religion, art, society, human nature, law, and freedom. Francis Bacon, in England, recognized explicitly that the mind cannot safely be left to its natural tendencies. In his book The Advancement of Learning.
Hobbes and Locke (in 16th and 17th Century England) displayed the same confidence in the critical mind of the thinker that we find in Machiavelli. Hobbes adopted a naturalistic view of the world in which everything was to be explained by evidence and reasoning. Locke defended a common sense analysis of everyday life and thought. Robert Boyle (in the 17th Century) and Sir Isaac Newton (in the 17th and 18th Century) did their work. In his Sceptical Chymist. Eighteenth Century thinkers extended our conception of critical thought even further, developing our sense of the power of critical thought and of its tools. In the 19th Century, Karl Marx’s produced the searching social and economic critique and Sigmund Freud’s worked about unconscious mind. To sum up, the tools and resources of the critical thinker have been degree increased in virtue of the history of critical thought. Socrates gives more powerfully and focally framed and used in question. In every domain of human thought, every use of reasoning.
Article- 2 The word ‘ Thinking’ particularly in educational contexts, is usually used to mean goal- directed process, imagining situations, reasoning, solving problems, making decisions and judgments. Dewey’s (1933) classic introduction to “How We Think” offers an overview of some of the different senses in which the term thinking is used. One is,
• Thinking as a “ stream of consciousness” and the everyday “ uncontrolled coursing of ideas through our heads”, including dreaming and daydreams (p.3)
The issue here is control. Both the Philosophy and Sociology of education have wrestled with the problems of indoctrination and empowerment. Second things are Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes and products or anything related to them. There are three perspectives described in this article. They are, Psychological Perspectives, Sociological Perspectives, Philosophical Perspectives.
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